Self-assembling protein scaffolds and methods
A protein scaffold includes a plurality of EutM subunits and a multi-enzyme cascade. The multi-enzyme cascade includes a first enzyme attached to the first EutM subunit and a second enzyme attached to the second EutM subunit. The scaffold may be formed by a method that generally includes incubating a plurality of EutM subunits under conditions allowing the EutM subunits to self-assemble into a protein scaffold, attaching a first enzyme of a multi-enzyme cascade to a first EutM subunit, and attaching a second enzyme of the multi-enzyme cascade to a second EutM subunit. The scaffold may be self-assembled in vivo or in vitro. Each enzyme may be, independently of any other enzyme, attached to its EutM subunit in vivo or in vitro. Each enzyme may be, independently of any other enzyme, attached to its EutM subunit before or after the scaffold is assembled.
1. A protein scaffold comprising:
a plurality of EutM subunits comprising a first EutM subunit and a second EutM subunit; and
a multi-enzyme cascade comprising:
a first enzyme attached to the first EutM subunit; and
a second enzyme attached to the second EutM subunit, such that at least one of the first enzyme and the second enzyme is more stable when attached to the EutM subunit than when the enzyme is unattached to the EutM subunit.
2. The protein scaffold of claim 1 wherein the multi-enzyme cascade comprises more than two enzymes.
3. The protein scaffold of claim 2 wherein a third enzyme is attached to a third EutM subunit.
4. The protein scaffold of claim 1 , wherein at least one enzyme is covalently attached to a EutM subunit.
5. The protein scaffold of claim 1 , wherein at least one enzyme is ionically attached to a EutM subunit.
6. The protein scaffold of claim 1 , wherein at least one enzyme is attached to a EutM subunit through an affinity interaction.
7. The protein scaffold of claim 6 wherein the affinity interaction comprises peptide-peptide affinity.
8. The protein scaffold of claim 6 wherein the affinity interaction comprises protein-protein affinity.
9. The protein scaffold of claim 1 , wherein at least one enzyme is attached to a chemically-modified amino acid residue of the EutM subunit.
10. A protein scaffold comprising:
a plurality of EutM subunits comprising a first EutM subunit and a second EutM subunit; and
an enzyme attached to a EutM subunit, such that the enzyme is more stable when attached to the EutM subunit than when the enzyme is unattached to the EutM subunit.
11. The protein scaffold of claim 10 , wherein the enzyme is covalently attached to a EutM subunit.
12. The protein scaffold of claim 10 , wherein the enzyme is ionically attached to a EutM subunit.
13. The protein scaffold of claim 10 , wherein the enzyme is attached to a EutM subunit through an affinity interaction.
14. The protein scaffold of claim 13 , wherein the affinity interaction comprises peptide-peptide affinity.
15. The protein scaffold of claim 13 , wherein the affinity interaction comprises protein-protein affinity.
16. The protein scaffold of claim 10 , wherein the enzyme is attached to a chemically-modified amino acid residue of a EutM subunit.
17. A protein scaffold comprising:
a plurality of EutM subunits; and
a first multi-enzyme cascade comprising:
a first enzyme attached to a first EutM subunit; and
a second enzyme attached to a second EutM subunit; and
a second multi-enzyme cascade, different than the first multi-enzyme cascade, the second multi-enzyme cascade comprising:
a third enzyme attached to a third EutM subunit; and
a fourth enzyme attached to a fourth EutM subunit.
18. The protein scaffold of claim 17 , wherein the first multi-enzyme cascade or the second multi-enzyme cascade comprises more than two enzymes.
19. The protein scaffold of claim 17 , wherein at least one enzyme is covalently attached to a EutM subunit.
20. The protein scaffold of claim 17 , wherein at least one enzyme is ionically attached to a EutM subunit.
21. The protein scaffold of claim 17 , wherein at least one enzyme is attached to a EutM subunit through an affinity interaction.
22. The protein scaffold of claim 21 , wherein the affinity interaction comprises peptide-peptide affinity.
23. The protein scaffold of claim 21 , wherein the affinity interaction comprises protein-protein affinity.
24. The protein scaffold of claim 17 , wherein at least one enzyme is attached to a chemically-modified amino acid residue of the EutM subunit.
25. The protein scaffold of claim 17 , wherein at least one enzyme is more stable when attached to the EutM subunit than when the enzyme is unattached to the EutM subunit.
26. The protein scaffold of claim 1 , wherein catalyst recycling is greater when at least one of the first enzyme and second enzyme is attached to the EutM subunit than when the enzyme is unattached to the EutM subunit.
27. The protein scaffold of claim 10 , wherein catalyst recycling is greater when the enzyme is attached to the EutM subunit than when the enzyme is unattached to the EutM subunit.
28. The protein scaffold of claim 1 , wherein reaction enantioselectivity is greater when at least one of the first enzyme and second enzyme is attached to the EutM subunit than when the enzyme is unattached to the EutM subunit.
29. The protein scaffold of claim 10 , wherein reaction enantioselectivity is greater when the enzyme is attached to the EutM subunit than when the enzyme is unattached to the EutM subunit.
30. The protein scaffold of claim 1 , wherein reaction time is reduced when at least one of the first enzyme and second enzyme is attached to the EutM subunit than when the enzyme is unattached to the EutM subunit.
31. The protein scaffold of claim 10 , wherein reaction time is reduced when the enzyme is attached to the EutM subunit than when the enzyme is unattached to the EutM subunit.