Battery management system and method for determining active material content in electrode of battery

1. A processor-implemented method of monitoring at least one electrode of a battery, the method comprising:

determining a first peak in an inverse-differential capacity analysis curve of the battery;

determining a second peak in an incremental capacity analysis (ICA) curve associated with the at least one electrode;

determining differences between peak positions based on the inverse-differential capacity analysis curve and the ICA curve;

mapping the first peak of the inverse-differential capacity analysis curve to the second peak of the ICA curve based on the differences;

determining an active material content in the at least one electrode of the battery based on the mapping; and

performing a performance optimization of the battery using the active material content in the at least one electrode.

2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising:

determining an available capacity corresponding to the at least one electrode, in response to a decrease in a state of health (SOH) of the battery.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining of the first peak in the inverse-differential capacity analysis curve comprises:

determining the first peak in the inverse-differential capacity analysis curve of a cell of the battery based on a state of charge (SOC) associated with the at least one electrode when the cell is fully discharged, an SOC associated with the at least one electrode when the cell is fully charged, an inverse-differential capacity analysis curve value associated with a commercial cell, and an ICA curve value obtained from a difference between a potential of a positive electrode and a potential of a negative electrode.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining of the second peak in the ICA curve associated with the at least one electrode comprises:

determining the second peak in the ICA curve associated with the at least one electrode based on a state of charge (SOC) associated with the at least one electrode when a cell of the battery is fully discharged, an SOC associated with the at least one electrode when the cell is fully charged, an ICA curve value associated with a commercial cell, and an ICA curve value obtained from a difference between a potential of a positive electrode and a potential of a negative electrode.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining of the active material content in the at least one electrode of the battery comprises:

obtaining first state of charge (SOC) values, SOC a1 and SOC a2 , from potential values V a1 and V a2 comprising two peaks in the ICA curve associated with a positive electrode of the at least one electrode, respectively;

obtaining second SOC values, SOC c1 and SOC c2 , from potential values at V c1 and V c2 , respectively comprising two peaks in the ICA curve associated with a negative electrode of the at least one electrode; and

determining the active material content in the at least one electrode of the battery based on any one of the first SOC values, SOC a1 and SOC a2 , and the second SOC values, SOC c1 and SOC c2 .

6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the determining of the active material content in the at least one electrode of the battery comprises determining the active material content in the at least one electrode of the battery based on any one of an absolute value of a difference between the SOC a1 and the SOC a2 , and an absolute value of a difference between the SOC c1 and the SOC c2 .

7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one electrode comprises a positive electrode and a negative electrode.

8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the mapping of the first peak determined in the inverse-differential capacity analysis curve to the second peak determined in the ICA curve associated with the at least one electrode comprises:

obtaining an open circuit potential (OCP) curve of the positive electrode, an OCP curve of the negative electrode, an open circuit voltage (OCV) curve of a cell, and an ICA curve of the battery;

normalizing a state of charge (SOC) range of each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode to be between 0 and 1 based on the OCP curve of the positive electrode and the OCP curve of the negative electrode;

minimizing a peak difference between respective normalized SOC ranges of the positive electrode and the negative electrode based on the OCV curve and the ICA curve; and

mapping a peak value associated with the positive electrode and a peak value associated with the negative electrode based on the minimized peak difference.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein an inverse-differential capacity analysis comprises dividing a rate of change in capacity by a rate of change in voltage.

10. The method of claim 1 , wherein an ICA comprises dividing a rate of change in capacity by a rate of change in voltage.

11. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform the method of claim 1 .

12. A battery management system (BMS), comprising:

a processor configured to:

determine a first peak in an inverse-differential capacity analysis curve of a battery;

determine a second peak in an incremental capacity analysis (ICA) curve associated with at least one electrode;

determine differences between peak positions based on the inverse-differential capacity analysis curve and the ICA curve;

map the first peak of the inverse-differential capacity analysis curve to the second peak of the ICA curve based on the differences;

determine an active material content in the at least one electrode of a battery based on the mapping; and

perform a performance optimization of the battery using the active material content in the at least one electrode.

13. The BMS of claim 12 , wherein the processor is further configured to:

determine an available capacity corresponding to the at least one electrode as a state of health (SOH) of the battery decreases.

14. The BMS of claim 12 , wherein the processor is further configured to:

determine the inverse-differential capacity analysis curve of a cell of the battery based on a state of charge (SOC) associated with the at least one electrode when the cell is fully discharged, an SOC associated with the at least one electrode when the cell is fully charged, an inverse-differential capacity analysis curve value associated with a commercial cell, and an ICA curve value obtained from a difference in potential between a positive electrode and a negative electrode.

15. The BMS of claim 12 , wherein the processor is further configured to:

determine the second peak in the ICA curve associated with the at least one electrode based on an SOC associated with the at least one electrode when a cell of the battery is fully discharged, an SOC associated with the at least one electrode when the cell is fully charged, an ICA curve value associated with a commercial cell, and an ICA curve value obtained from a difference in potential between a positive electrode and a negative electrode.

16. The BMS of claim 12 , wherein the processor is further configured to:

obtain first state of charge (SOC) SOC values as SOC a1 and SOC a2 from potential values at V a1 and V a2 comprising two peaks in the ICA curve associated with a positive electrode of the at least one electrode, respectively;

obtain second SOC values as SOC c1 and SOC c2 from potential values at V c1 and V c2 comprising two peaks in the ICA curve associated with a negative electrode of the at least one electrode, respectively; and

determine the active material content in the at least one electrode of the battery based on any one of the first SOC values, SOC a1 and SOC a2 , and the second SOC values, SOC c1 SOC c2 .

17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the at least one electrode includes a positive electrode and a negative electrode.

18. The BMS of claim 17 , wherein the processor is further configured to:

obtain an open circuit potential (OCP) curve of a positive electrode, an OCP curve of a negative electrode, an open circuit voltage (OCV) curve of cell, and an ICA curve of the battery;

normalize a state of charge (SOC) range of each of the positive electrode and the negative electrode to be between 0 and 1 based on the OCP curve of the positive electrode and the OCP curve of the negative electrode;

minimize a peak difference between respective normalized SOC ranges of the positive electrode and the negative electrode based on the OCV curve and the ICA curve; and

map a peak value associated with the positive electrode and a peak value associated with the negative electrode based on the minimized peak difference.

19. The method of claim 12 , wherein an inverse-differential capacity analysis comprises dividing a rate of change in capacity by a rate of change in voltage.

20. The method of claim 12 , wherein an ICA comprises dividing a rate of change in capacity by a rate of change in voltage.