Use of NAD precursors for improving maternal health and/or offspring health

1. A method comprising, a) reducing pregnancy associated weight gain in a female human, by administering, pre-pregnancy or during pregnancy, an effective amount of a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursor to the female human, and/or b) promoting post-pregnancy weight loss in a female human by administering, during pregnancy or post pregnancy, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursor to the female human; and

measuring pregnancy associated weight gain in the female human or measuring post-pregnancy weight loss in the female human.

2. A method comprising, increasing milk production in a female human that is lactating by administering, during pregnancy or after pregnancy, an effective amount of a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursor to the female human; and

measuring milk production in the female human.

3. The method of claim 1 , comprising reducing pregnancy associated weight gain in the female human, by administering, pre-pregnancy or during pregnancy, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursor to the female human; and

measuring pregnancy associated weight gain in the female human.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursor is administered to the female human pre-pregnancy.

5. The method of claim 3 , wherein the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursor is administered to the female human during pregnancy.

6. The method of claim 1 , comprising promoting post-pregnancy weight loss in the female human by administering, pre-pregnancy or during pregnancy, a nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursor to the female human; and

measuring post-pregnancy weight loss in the female human.

7. The method of claim 6 , wherein the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursor is administered to the female human pre-pregnancy.

8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursor is administered to the female human during pregnancy.

9. The method of claim 2 , wherein the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursor is administered to the female human during pregnancy.

10. The method of claim 2 , wherein the nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD) precursor is administered to the female human after pregnancy.

11. The method of claim 2 , wherein the NAD precursor is a compound of formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A 1 is

R 1 is —COOH, —C(═O)NH 2 or —C(═O)OR a ;

R 2 is H or (C 1 -C 3 )alkanoyl;

R 3 is H or (C 1 -C 3 )alkanoyl;

i) X is absent, —P(═O)(OW)(O—), or —P(═O)(OW)—O—P(═O)(OW)(O—); and

Y is W, or

or

ii) X is absent; and Y is (C 1 -C 10 )alkanoyl;

R a is (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 10 )alkenyl, or aryl, wherein each (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 10 )alkenyl and aryl is optionally substitutes with one or more groups independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxyl, cyano, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, and (C 1 -C 3 )alkanoyloxy;

each W is independently selected from the group consisting of H and pharmaceutically acceptable cations;

A 1 is

Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion;

R 4 is —COOH, —C(═O)NH 2 or —C(═O)OR b ; and

R b is (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 10 )alkenyl, or aryl, wherein each (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 10 )alkenyl and aryl is optionally substitutes with one or more groups independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxyl, cyano, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, and (C 1 -C 3 )alkanoyloxy.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the compound of formula (I) or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from the group consisting of:

pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

13. The method of claim 3 , wherein the NAD precursor is a compound of formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A 1 is

R 1 is —COOH, —C(═O)NH 2 or —C(═O)OR a ;

R 2 is H or (C 1 -C 3 )alkanoyl;

R 3 is H or (C 1 -C 3 )alkanoyl;

i) X is absent, —P(═O)(OW)(O—), or —P(═O)(OW)—O—P(═O)(OW)(O—); and

Y is W, or

or

ii) X is absent; and Y is (C 1 -C 10 )alkanoyl;

R a is (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 10 )alkenyl, or aryl, wherein each (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 10 )alkenyl and aryl is optionally substitutes with one or more groups independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxyl, cyano, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, and (C 1 -C 3 )alkanoyloxy;

each W is independently selected from the group consisting of H and pharmaceutically acceptable cations;

A 2 is

Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion;

R 4 is —COOH, —C(═O)NH 2 or —C(═O)OR b ; and

R b is (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 10 )alkenyl, or aryl, wherein each (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 10 )alkenyl and aryl is optionally substitutes with one or more groups independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxyl, cyano, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, and (C 1 -C 3 )alkanoyloxy.

14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the compound of formula (I) or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from the group consisting of:

pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.

15. The method of claim 6 , wherein the NAD precursor is a compound of formula (I):

or a pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, wherein:

A 1 is

R 1 is —COOH, —C(═O)NH 2 or —C(═O)OR a ;

R 2 is H or (C 1 -C 3 )alkanoyl;

R 3 is H or (C 1 -C 3 )alkanoyl;

i) X is absent, —P(═O)(OW)(O—), or —P(═O)(OW)—O—P(═O)(OW)(O—); and

Y is W, or

or

ii) X is absent; and Y is (C 1 -C 10 )alkanoyl;

R a is (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 10 )alkenyl, or aryl, wherein each (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 10 )alkenyl and aryl is optionally substitutes with one or more groups independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxyl, cyano, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, and (C 1 -C 3 )alkanoyloxy;

each W is independently selected from the group consisting of H and pharmaceutically acceptable cations;

A 2 is

Z is a pharmaceutically acceptable anion;

R 4 is —COOH, —C(═O)NH 2 or —C(═O)OR b ; and

R b is (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 10 )alkenyl, or aryl, wherein each (C 1 -C 10 )alkyl, (C 2 -C 10 )alkenyl and aryl is optionally substitutes with one or more groups independently selected from the group consisting of halo, hydroxyl, cyano, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxy, (C 1 -C 3 )alkoxycarbonyl, aryl, and (C 1 -C 3 )alkanoyloxy.

16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the compound of formula (I) or the pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof is selected from the group consisting of:

pharmaceutically acceptable salts thereof.