Battery charging method and apparatus

1. A processor-implemented battery charging method comprising:

acquiring a functional relationship of a battery, wherein the functional relationship is a rate of change of charge amount in the battery as a function of voltage of the battery;

determining charging steps for charging of the battery and a charging current associated with each of the charging steps by analyzing the functional relationship; and

generating a charging profile comprising the respective charging current for each of the charging steps to charge the battery.

2. The battery charging method of claim 1 , wherein the rate of change of charge amount in the battery comprises either a rate of state of charge (SOC) or a rate of charge quantity.

3. The battery charging method of claim 1 , wherein

a horizontal axis of the functional relationship represents the voltage that increases in response to the battery being charged, and

a vertical axis of the functional relationship represents the differential value that changes in response to the battery being charged.

4. The battery charging method of claim 1 , wherein the determining of the charging steps comprises:

segmenting the functional relationship based on changes in main electrochemical reactions in response to the battery being charged; and

determining the charging steps based on regions into which the functional relationship is segmented, and

the main electrochemical reactions are determined based on a number of electrochemical reactions occurring in response to the battery being charged.

5. The battery charging method of claim 1 , wherein the determining of the charging steps comprises:

segmenting the functional relationship based on ranges for which it is determined that the rate of change of charge amount in the battery changes from increasing to decreasing; and

determining the charging steps based on the ranges.

6. The battery charging method of claim 1 , wherein the determining of the charging steps comprises:

detecting at least one peak on the functional relationship; and

determining the charging steps based on the detected peak.

7. The battery charging method of claim 6 , wherein the determining of the charging steps based on the detected peak comprises:

determining a first charge or a first voltage corresponding to a start of a first charging step based on a first negative peak on the functional relationship; and

determining a second charge or a second voltage corresponding to an end of the first charging step and a start of a second charging step based on a second negative peak detected subsequent to the first negative peak, and

the first negative peak and the second negative peak are points at which the differential value changes from decreasing to increasing.

8. The battery charging method of claim 6 , wherein the determining of the charging steps based on the detected peak comprises:

determining a number of charging steps based on the detected peak; and

determining charging steps corresponding to the number of charging steps.

9. The battery charging method of claim 1 , wherein the generating of the charging profile comprises:

determining the charging currents for each of the charging steps based on electrochemical characteristics corresponding to the charging steps.

10. The battery charging method of claim 9 , wherein the determining of the charging currents comprises:

acquiring impedances for each of the charging steps based on main electrochemical reactions corresponding to the charging steps; and

determining the charging currents for each of the charging steps based on the impedances.

11. The battery charging method of claim 10 , wherein the determining of the charging currents comprises setting a charging current ratio to decrease in response to an impedance increasing.

12. The battery charging method of claim 10 , wherein the acquiring of the impedances comprises at least one of:

estimating impedances by performing an electrical impedance spectroscopy (EIS) analysis for each of the charging steps; and

estimating impedances based on direct current internal resistances (DCIRs) corresponding to the charging steps.

13. The battery charging method of claim 9 , wherein the determining of the charging currents comprises:

acquiring a charging condition comprising a required charging time, a required amount of charge and at least one internal state limit condition; and

determining the respective charging current for each of the charging steps from an electrochemical model based on the charging condition.

14. The battery charging method of claim 13 , wherein the determining of the charging currents from the electrochemical model comprises:

determining initial charging currents for each of the charging steps based on the required charging time and the required amount of charge;

estimating at least one internal state of the battery to which the initial charging currents are applied, for each of the charging steps, using the electrochemical model; and

adjusting the initial charging currents based on whether the estimated internal state reaches at least one internal state limit condition for each of the charging steps, and determining the respective charging current for each of the charging steps.

15. The battery charging method of claim 13 , wherein the determining of the charging currents from the electrochemical model comprises adjusting ranges for each of the charging steps based on the charging condition.

16. The battery charging method of claim 13 , wherein the internal state limit condition comprises any one or any combination of any two or more of an anode overpotential condition, a cathode overpotential condition, an anode active material surface lithium ion concentration condition, a cathode active material surface lithium ion concentration condition, a cell voltage condition and an SOC condition.

17. The battery charging method of claim 1 , wherein the acquiring of the functional relationship comprises:

acquiring a temperature or a state of health (SOH) of the battery; and

acquiring the functional relationship based the acquired temperature or the acquired SOH.

18. A processor-implemented battery charging method comprising:

determining charging steps for each of main electrochemical reactions changes in response to a battery being charged;

determining charging current ratios for each of the charging steps based on electrochemical characteristics corresponding to the charging steps; and

generating a charging profile comprising charging currents for each of the charging steps based on the charging current ratios, wherein a first of the charging steps with a first of the charging current ratios precedes a second of the charging steps with a second of the current charging that is greater than the first second of the charging current ratios.

19. A non-transitory computer-readable storage medium storing instructions that, when executed by a processor, cause the processor to perform the battery charging method of claim 1 .

20. A battery charging apparatus comprising:

a processor configured to:

acquire a functional relationship of a battery, wherein the functional relationship comprises a mapping between rates of change of charge amount in the battery and voltages of the battery;

determine charging steps for charging of the battery and a charging current associated with each of the charging steps by analyzing the functional relationship; and

generate a charging profile comprising the respective charging current for each of the charging steps to charge the battery.

21. A battery charging apparatus comprising:

a processor configured to:

determine charging steps for each of main electrochemical reactions that change in response to a battery being charged;

determine charging current ratios for each of the charging steps based on electrochemical characteristics corresponding to the charging steps; and

generate a charging profile comprising charging currents for each of the charging steps based on the charging current ratios, wherein a first of the charging steps with a first of the charging current ratios precedes a second of the charging steps with a second of the current charging that is greater than the first second of the charging current ratios.

22. A processor-implemented battery charging method comprising:

acquiring a functional relationship of a battery, wherein the functional relationship corresponds to a relationship between rate of change of charge within the battery relative to voltage of the battery;

determining charging steps for charging of the battery and a charging current associated with each of the charging steps by analyzing the functional relationship;

setting a charging time; and

generating a charging profile based on the charging time and an amount of charge to manage the battery.

23. The battery charging method of claim 22 , wherein the charging time is set by an input of a user.

24. The battery charging method of claim 22 , wherein the charging time is determined and set by a charging system of the battery.

25. The battery charging method of claim 24 , wherein the charging time corresponds to a fast charging mode of the battery.

26. The battery charging method of claim 23 , wherein the amount of charge represents an estimated internal state of the battery.

27. The battery charging method of claim 26 , wherein the amount of charge represents a state of charge (SOC) of the battery.

28. The battery charging method of claim 23 , wherein the charging profile comprises the charging current for each of the charging steps.

29. The battery charging method of claim 28 , further comprising determining whether charging within the charging time is sufficient to charge the battery based on the amount of charge.

30. The battery charging method of claim 29 , wherein when charging of the battery is not sufficient, the charging profile is generated to charge the battery.

31. The battery charging method of claim 28 , wherein the charging currents in the charging profile increase when the charging time decreases, and decrease when the charging time increases.