Modified electrolyte-anode interface for solid-state lithium batteries
A solid-state battery cell includes a cathode, an anode, a solid-state electrolyte between the cathode and the anode, and an electrolyte-anode interfacial layer between the solid-state electrolyte and the anode. The electrolyte-anode interfacial layer comprises porous, high surface area carbon and nanostructures formed on an anode-facing surface of the solid-state electrolyte, wherein the nanostructures penetrate the porous, high surface area carbon.
1. A solid-state battery cell, comprising:
a cathode;
an anode having anode active material of lithium metal;
a solid-state electrolyte between the cathode and the anode; and
an electrolyte-anode interfacial layer between the solid-state electrolyte and the anode active material, the electrolyte-anode interfacial layer comprising:
a porous, high surface area carbon; and
nanostructures formed on an anode-facing surface of the solid-state electrolyte, wherein the nanostructures penetrate the porous, high surface area carbon without penetrating the anode.
2. The solid-state battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the porous, high surface area carbon has pores having a pore size between 5 nm and 50 nm.
3. The solid-state battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the porous, high surface area carbon is formed as a pillared network between the nanostructures.
4. The solid-state battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the nanostructures are nanoneedles or nanowires formed of a solid electrolyte material.
5. The solid-state battery cell of claim 4 , wherein the solid-state electrolyte is the same solid electrolyte material as the nanostructures.
6. The solid-state battery cell of claim 4 , wherein the solid-state electrolyte is a different solid electrolyte material from the solid electrolyte material of the nanostructures.
7. The solid-state battery cell of claim 1 , wherein each nanostructure has a length and the solid-state electrolyte has a thickness, a ratio of the length of each nanostructure to the thickness of the solid-state electrolyte being between 1.5×10 −5 :1 and 0.25:1.
8. The solid-state battery cell of claim 1 , wherein a density of the nanostructures is between 5,000 nanostructures/μm 2 and 50,000 nanostructures/μm 2 .
9. The solid-state battery cell of claim 1 , wherein the nanostructures are nanowires having a hooked distal end and the porous, high surface area carbon is formed in loop-like structures.
10. A solid-state battery cell, comprising:
a cathode;
an anode comprising lithium metal;
a solid-state electrolyte between the cathode and the anode; and
an electrolyte-anode interfacial layer between the solid-state electrolyte and the anode, the electrolyte-anode interfacial layer comprising:
a layer of porous, high surface area carbon formed on an electrolyte-facing surface of the lithium metal, the layer of porous, high surface area carbon having no lithium metal prior to charging; and
nanostructures formed on an anode-facing surface of the solid-state electrolyte, the nanostructures penetrating the layer of porous, high surface area carbon to form the electrolyte-anode interfacial layer, wherein the nanostructures are nanoneedles or nanowires and are each vertically aligned with respect to a surface of the solid-state electrolyte, wherein the nanostructures have a length between 80% and 100% a thickness of the electrolyte-anode interfacial layer.
11. The solid-state battery cell of claim 10 , wherein the solid-state electrolyte is formed of a solid electrolyte material and the nanostructures are formed of the same solid electrolyte material.
12. The solid-state battery cell of claim 10 , wherein the solid-state electrolyte is a different solid electrolyte material from a solid electrolyte material of the nanostructures.
13. The solid-state battery cell of claim 10 , wherein each nanostructure has a length and the solid-state electrolyte has a thickness, a ratio of the length of each nanostructure to the thickness of the solid-state electrolyte being between 1.5×10 −5 :1 and 0.25:1.
14. The solid-state battery cell of claim 10 , wherein a density of the nanostructures is between 5,000 nanostructures/μm 2 and 50,000 nanostructures/μm 2 .
15. The solid-state battery cell of claim 10 , wherein the porous, high surface area carbon has pores having a pore size between 5 nm and 50 nm.
16. The solid-state battery cell of claim 10 , wherein a diameter of each nanostructure is between 10 nm and 100 nm.
17. The solid-state battery cell of claim 10 , wherein the nanostructures are nanowires having a hooked distal end and the porous, high surface area carbon is formed in loop-like structures.
18. A solid-state battery cell, comprising:
a cathode;
an anode comprising lithium;
a solid-state electrolyte between the cathode and the anode; and
an electrolyte-anode interfacial layer between the solid-state electrolyte and the anode active material, the electrolyte-anode interfacial layer comprising:
a porous, high surface area carbon; and
nanostructures formed on an anode-facing surface of the solid-state electrolyte,
wherein the nanostructures penetrate the porous, high surface area carbon and are nanowires having a hooked distal end and the porous, high surface area carbon is formed in loop-like structures.