Methods, systems, and apparatus for closed-loop neuromodulation
Systems, apparatus, and methods for treating medication refractory epilepsy are disclosed. In one embodiment, a method of treating epilepsy is disclosed comprising detecting, using a first electrode array coupled to a first endovascular carrier, an electrophysiological signal of a subject. The method further comprises analyzing the electrophysiological signal using a neuromodulation unit electrically coupled to the first electrode array and stimulating an intracorporeal target of the subject using a second electrode array coupled to a second endovascular carrier implanted within a part of a bodily vessel superior to a base of the skull of the subject.
1. A method of treating epilepsy, comprising:
detecting, using a first electrode array, an electrophysiological signal of a subject, wherein the first electrode array is coupled to a first endovascular carrier implanted within the subject in at least one of a central sulcal vein, a post-central sulcal vein, and a pre-central sulcal vein of the subject;
analyzing the electrophysiological signal using a neuromodulation unit implanted within the subject and electrically coupled to the first electrode array; and
stimulating an intracorporeal target of the subject using a second electrode array in response to the electrophysiological signal detected, wherein the second electrode array is electrically coupled to the neuromodulation unit, and wherein the second electrode array is coupled to a second endovascular carrier implanted within at least one of an inferior sagittal sinus, a central sulcal vein, a post-central sulcal vein, and a pre-central sulcal vein of the subject.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the intracorporeal target is a motor cortex of the subject.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the neuromodulation unit is implanted within a forearm of the subject.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein stimulating the intracorporeal target further comprises generating an electrical impulse using a pulse generator of the neuromodulation unit, and wherein the pulse generator is powered and activated by an extracorporeal device, and wherein the extracorporeal device is provided as part of an armband.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the first endovascular carrier and the second endovascular carrier is an expandable stent or endovascular scaffold comprising an electrode array coupled to the expandable stent or endovascular scaffold.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein stimulating the intracorporeal target further comprises generating an electrical impulse using a pulse generator of the neuromodulation unit, and wherein the pulse generator is configured to generate the electrical impulse by increasing a current amplitude of the electrical impulse from 0 mA to up to 10 mA in 0.1 mA steps and increasing a voltage of the electrical impulse from 0 V to up to 10 V in 0.25 V steps, wherein a pulse width of the electrical impulse generated is configured to be between 25 μS to about 600 μS, and wherein a frequency of the electrical impulse generated is configured to be between 1 Hz and 400 Hz.