Controllers for uninterruptible power supplies and methods of operating the same
An uninterruptible power supply (UPS) is operated to selectively provide energy to a critical load from a grid and an energy storage device and to transfer energy between the energy storage device and the grid. A controller causes the UPS to selectively support bidirectional and unidirectional transfers of energy between the grid and the energy storage device based on a state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage device.
1. A system comprising:
an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) configured to selectively provide energy to a critical load from a grid and an energy storage device and to transfer energy between the energy storage device and the grid; and
a controller configured to cause the UPS to selectively support bidirectional and unidirectional transfers of energy between the grid and the energy storage device based on a state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage device, wherein the controller is configured to:
when the SOC is greater than a maximum active SOC, ignore requests from a grid operator for energy transfers from the grid to the energy storage device and comply with requests from the grid operator for transfers from the energy storage device to the grid;
when the SOC is less than a minimum active SOC, ignore requests from the grid operator for energy transfers from the energy storage device to the grid and comply with requests from the grid operator for energy transfers from the grid to the energy storage device; and
when the SOC is between the maximum active SOC and the minimum active SOC, comply with requests from the grid operator for energy transfers from the grid to the energy storage device and requests from the grid operator for energy transfers from the energy storage device to the grid.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to resume complying with requests from the grid operator for energy transfers from the grid to the energy storage device responsive to the SOC reaching a level a predetermined amount less than the maximum active SOC.
3. The system of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to resume complying with requests from the grid operator for energy transfers from the energy storage device to the grid responsive to the SOC reaching a level a predetermined amount greater than the minimum active SOC.
4. The system of claim 1 , wherein the minimum active SOC is greater than a critical reserve SOC representing an amount of energy allocated to providing backup energy for the critical load.
5. The system of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to vary for transfer of energy received from the grid operator based on a performance criterion for a group of UPSs and energy storage devices connected to the grid such that the group of UPSs maintains a desired aggregate performance in response to the requests while allowing the UPSs of the group of UPSs to non-uniformly respond to the requests.
6. The system of claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to adjust a SOC range defined by the maximum active SOC and the minimum active SOC.
7. The system of claim 6 , wherein the controller is configured to adjust the SOC range based on a performance criterion associated with the UPS.
8. The system of claim 7 , wherein the UPS comprises one of a plurality of UPSs and wherein the controller is configured to adjust the SOC range based on a performance criterion associated with the plurality of UPSs such that the plurality of UPSs maintains a desired aggregate performance in response to the requests while allowing the UPSs of the plurality of UPSs to non-uniformly respond to the requests.
9. A method comprising:
operating an uninterruptible power supply (UPS) to selectively provide energy to a critical load from a grid and an energy storage device and to transfer energy between the energy storage device and the grid; and
causing the UPS to selectively support bidirectional and unidirectional transfers of energy between the grid and the energy storage device by selectively ignoring and complying with requests for energy transfers received from a grid operator based on a state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage device, wherein selectively ignoring and complying with requests for energy transfers received from a grid operator based on a state of charge (SOC) of the energy storage device comprises:
when the SOC is greater than a maximum active SOC, ignoring requests from a grid operator for energy transfers from the grid to the energy storage device and complying with requests from the grid operator for transfers from the energy storage device to the grid;
when the SOC is less than a minimum active SOC, ignoring requests from the grid operator for energy transfers from the energy storage device to the grid and complying with requests from the grid operator for energy transfers from the grid to the energy storage device; and
when the SOC is between the maximum active SOC and the minimum active SOC, complying with requests from the grid operator for energy transfers from the grid to the energy storage device and requests from the grid operator for energy transfers from the energy storage device to the grid.
10. The method of claim 9 , further comprising:
complying with requests from the grid operator for energy transfers from the grid to the energy storage device to resume responsive to the SOC reaching a level a predetermined amount less than the maximum active SOC; and
complying with requests from the grid operator for energy transfers from the grid to the energy storage device to resume responsive to the SOC reaching a level a predetermined amount greater than the minimum active SOC.