Apparatuses, systems, and methods for detecting materials based on Raman spectroscopy

1. A Raman spectroscopic system comprising:

an excitation light source to radiate a light beam;

a cuvette comprising a top end, a bottom end, and at least one tapered wall extending longitudinally from the bottom end towards the top end, and the at least one tapered wall being configured to concentrate at least a portion of a sample to a central region on an interior surface of the bottom end;

at least one optical element configured to direct the light beam into the cuvette through the bottom end of the cuvette and onto the portion of the sample at the central region;

a Raman spectrometer comprising an entrance aperture, a collimating element, a transmission diffraction grating, a focusing element, and a detector array; wherein

the entrance aperture is configured to receive a Raman signal from the portion of the sample through the bottom end of the cuvette;

the collimating element is configured to receive the Raman signal from the entrance aperture and direct the Raman signal to the transmission diffraction grating;

the transmission diffraction grating is configured to disperse the Raman signal over a preselected spectral band; and

the focusing element is configured to focus the dispersed Raman signal to the detector array.

2. A Raman spectroscopic system comprising:

an excitation light source to radiate a light beam into a cuvette through a bottom end of the cuvette and onto a portion of a sample contained in the cuvette, the cuvette comprising a chamber, a top end, and a bottom end;

a focusing back reflector above the bottom end configured to reflect and focus light from the bottom end to a focal point on or above the bottom end; and

a Raman spectrometer comprising an entrance aperture, a collimating element, a transmission diffraction grating, a focusing element, and a detector array; wherein

the entrance aperture is configured to receive a Raman signal from the portion of the sample through the bottom end of the cuvette, the Raman signal comprising Raman signal reflected by the focusing back reflector;

the collimating element is configured to receive the Raman signal from the entrance aperture and direct the Raman signal to the transmission diffraction grating;

the transmission diffraction grating configured to disperse the Raman signal over a preselected spectral band; and

the focusing element is configured to focus the dispersed Raman signal to the detector array.

3. A method for detecting the presence or absence of at least one feature of a Raman signal indicative of the presence or absence of a target in a sample, the method comprising:

concentrating a portion of the sample to a central region on an interior surface of a bottom end of a cuvette, the cuvette comprising a chamber, at least one tapered wall, a top end, and the bottom end, wherein the at least one tapered wall extends longitudinally from the bottom end towards the top end at a tilt angle and is configured to concentrate at least the portion of the sample to the central region;

focusing a light beam to the central region;

directing a Raman signal from the central region to a Raman spectrometer; and

detecting the presence or absence of at least one feature of the Raman signal indicative of the presence or absence of the target in the sample.

4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the detecting comprises analyzing a combination of at least three spectral bands of the Raman signal, the combination of spectral bands being selected from a group of spectral bands comprising spectral bands 610-630 cm −1 , 630-650 cm −1 , 715-735 cm −1 , 950-979 cm −1 , 990-1010 cm −1 , 1115-1135 cm −1 , 1155-1165 cm −1 , 1160-1180 cm −1 , 1200-1220 cm −1 , 1240-1260 cm −1 , 1290-1310 cm −1 , 1315-1325 cm −1 , 1330-1350 cm −1 , 1410-1430 cm −1 , 1440-1460 cm −1 , 1570-1590 cm −1 , 1600-1620 cm −1 , and 1650-1670 cm −1 .

5. The method of claim 3 , further comprising immobilizing the portion of the sample on the interior surface of the bottom end of the cuvette.

6. The method of claim 3 , wherein the detecting comprises detecting the presence or absence of at least one feature of the Raman signal indicative of the presence or absence of one or more markers or byproducts of the target.

7. The method of claim 3 , wherein the target is a virus, a bacterium, or a parasite.

8. The method of claim 6 , wherein the one or more markers or byproducts comprise a metabolite, a chemical, or a toxin.

9. The method of claim 3 , wherein the target is a cell, a tumor cells, a white blood cell, a protein, a lipid, an enzyme, a tissue, a normal tissue, a necrotic tissue, or a tissue constituent.

10. The method of claim 3 , wherein the detecting comprises detecting the presence or absence of at least one feature of the Raman signal indicative of the presence or absence of two or more targets in the sample.

11. A method for detecting the presence or absence of at least one feature of a Raman signal indicative of the presence or absence of a target in a sample, the method comprising:

focusing a light beam onto a portion of the sample on an interior surface of a bottom end of a cuvette, the cuvette comprising a chamber, a top end, and the bottom end;

reflecting and focusing light from a focal point on or above the interior surface of the bottom end of the cuvette, the light comprising a portion of the light beam and a Raman signal from the portion of the sample, back to the focal point;

directing a Raman signal from the portion of the sample to a Raman spectrometer; and

detecting the presence or absence of at least one feature of the Raman signal indicative of the presence or absence of the target in the sample.

12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the detecting comprises analyzing a combination of at least three spectral bands of the Raman signal, the combination of spectral bands being selected from a group of spectral bands comprising spectral bands 610-630 cm −1 , 630-650 cm −1 , 715-735 cm −1 , 950-979 cm −1 , 990-1010 cm −1 , 1115-1135 cm −1 , 1155-1165 cm −1 , 1160-1180 cm −1 , 1200-1220 cm −1 , 1240-1260 cm −1 , 1290-1310 cm −1 , 1315-1325 cm −1 , 1330-1350 cm −1 , 1410-1430 cm −1 , 1440-1460 cm −1 , 1570-1590 cm −1 , 1600-1620 cm −1 , and 1650-1670 cm −1 .

13. The method of claim 11 , further comprising immobilizing the portion of the sample on the interior surface of the bottom end of the cuvette.

14. The method of claim 11 , wherein the detecting comprises detecting the presence or absence of at least one feature of the Raman signal indicative of the presence or absence of one or more markers or byproducts of the target.

15. The method of claim 11 , wherein the target is a virus, a bacterium, or a parasite.

16. The method of claim 14 , wherein the one or more markers or byproducts comprise a metabolite, a chemical, or a toxin.

17. The method of claim 11 , wherein the target is a cell, a tumor cell, a white blood cells, a protein, a lipid, an enzyme, a tissue, a normal tissue, a necrotic tissue, or a tissue constituent.

18. The method of claim 11 , wherein the detecting comprises detecting the presence or absence of at least one feature of the Raman signal indicative of the presence or absence of two or more targets in the sample.

19. A method for detecting the presence or absence of at least one feature of a Raman signal indicative of the presence or absence of a target in a sample, the method comprising:

concentrating a portion of the sample onto an interior surface of a bottom end of a cuvette, the cuvette comprising a top end, the bottom end, and at least one tapered wall extending longitudinally from the bottom end towards the top end;

focusing a light beam onto the portion of the sample on the interior surface of the bottom end of the cuvette;

directing a Raman signal from the portion of the sample passing through the bottom end to a Raman spectrometer; and

detecting the presence or absence of at least one feature of the Raman signal indicative of the presence or absence of the target in the sample.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the detecting comprises analyzing a combination of at least three spectral bands of the Raman signal, the combination of spectral bands being selected from a group of spectral bands comprising spectral bands 610-630 cm −1 , 630-650 cm −1 , 715-735 cm −1 , 950-979 cm −1 , 990-1010 cm −1 , 1115-1135 cm −1 , 1155-1165 cm −1 , 1160-1180 cm −1 , 1200-1220 cm −1 , 1240-1260 cm −1 , 1290-1310 cm −1 , 1315-1325 cm −1 , 1330-1350 cm −1 , 1410-1430 cm −1 , 1440-1460 cm −1 , 1570-1590 cm −1 , 1600-1620 cm −1 , and 1650-1670 cm −1 .

21. The method of claim 19 , further comprising immobilizing the portion of the sample on the interior surface of the bottom end of the cuvette.

22. The method of claim 19 , wherein the detecting comprises detecting the presence or absence of at least one feature of the Raman signal indicative of the presence or absence of one or more markers or byproducts of the target.

23. The method of claim 19 , wherein the target is a virus, a bacterium, or a parasite.

24. The method of claim 22 , wherein the one or more markers or byproducts comprise a metabolite, a chemical, or a toxin.

25. The method of claim 19 , wherein the target is a cell, a tumor cell, a white blood cell, a protein, a lipid, an enzyme, a tissue, a normal tissue, a necrotic tissue, or a tissue constituent.

26. The method of claim 19 , wherein the detecting comprises detecting the presence or absence of at least one feature of the Raman signal indicative of the presence or absence of two or more targets in the sample.

27. A method for performing an analysis on a sample within a cuvette comprising:

concentrating a portion of the sample to a central region on an interior surface of a bottom end of the cuvette, the cuvette comprising a chamber, at least one tapered wall, a top end, and the bottom end, wherein the at least one tapered wall extends longitudinally from the bottom end towards the top end at a tilt angle;

focusing a light beam to the central region;

directing a Raman signal from the central region to a Raman spectrometer; and

analyzing the Raman signal.

28. The method of claim 27 , wherein the analyzing comprises analyzing a combination of at least three spectral bands of the Raman signal, the combination of spectral bands being selected from a group of spectral bands comprising spectral bands 610-630 cm −1 , 630-650 cm −1 , 715-735 cm −1 , 950-979 cm −1 , 990-1010 cm −1 , 1115-1135 cm −1 , 1155-1165 cm −1 , 1160-1180 cm −1 , 1200-1220 cm −1 , 1240-1260 cm −1 , 1290-1310 cm −1 , 1315-1325 cm −1 , 1330-1350 cm −1 , 1410-1430 cm −1 , 1440-1460 cm −1 , 1570-1590 cm −1 , 1600-1620 cm −1 , and 1650-1670 cm −1 .

29. The method of claim 27 , further comprising immobilizing the portion of the sample on the interior surface of the bottom end of the cuvette.

30. The method of claim 27 , wherein the detecting comprises detecting the presence or absence of at least one feature of the Raman signal indicative of the presence or absence of a target in the sample.

31. The method of claim 30 , wherein the analyzing comprises detecting the presence or absence of at least one feature of the Raman signal indicative of the presence or absence of one or more markers or byproducts of the target.

32. The method of claim 30 , wherein the target is a virus, a bacterium, or a parasite.

33. The method of claim 31 , wherein the one or more markers or byproducts comprise a metabolite, a chemical, or a toxin.

34. The method of claim 30 , wherein the target is a cell, a tumor cell, a white blood cell, a protein, a lipid, an enzyme, a tissue, a normal tissue, a necrotic tissue, or a tissue constituent.

35. The method of claim 27 , wherein the analyzing comprises detecting the presence or absence of at least one feature of the Raman signal indicative of the presence or absence of two or more targets in the sample.

36. A method for performing an analysis on a sample within a cuvette comprising:

focusing a light beam onto a portion of the sample on an interior surface of a bottom end of a cuvette, the cuvette comprising a chamber, a top end, and the bottom end;

reflecting and focusing light from a focal point on or above the interior surface of the bottom end of the cuvette, the light comprising a portion of the light beam and a Raman signal from the portion of the sample, back to the focal point;

directing a Raman signal from the portion of the sample to a Raman spectrometer; and

analyzing the Raman signal.

37. A method for performing an analysis on a sample within a cuvette comprising:

concentrating a portion of the sample onto an interior surface of a bottom end of the cuvette, the cuvette comprising a top end, the bottom end, and at least one tapered wall extending longitudinally from the bottom end towards the top end;

focusing a light beam onto the portion of the sample on the interior surface of the bottom end of the cuvette;

directing a Raman signal from the portion of the sample passing through the bottom end to a Raman spectrometer; and

analyzing the Raman signal.

38. The method of claim 3 , wherein the tilt angle is equal to or less than 80 degrees.

39. The method of claim 3 , wherein the tilt angle is from 9 degrees to 19 degrees.

40. The method of claim 27 , wherein the tilt angle is equal to or less than 80 degrees.

41. The method of claim 27 , wherein the tilt angle is from 9 degrees to 19 degrees.