Devices, systems, and methods for handling noise in non-invasive biological interrogation techniques
Devices, systems, and methods for eliminating noise in non-invasive biological interrogation techniques may be described herein. A method may include taking a first set of measurements over a time period. The first set of measurements may be indicated by an electronic signal. The first set of measurements may correspond to a physiological characteristic of a subject. A change in the physiological characteristic of the subject may correspond to a change in a blood constituent of the subject. The method may include: taking a second set of measurements over the time period; correlating the first and second sets of measurements, wherein the correlating removes noise from the electronic signal; sectioning out the electronic signal; calculating an amplitude difference between two or more sections of the electronic signal; and determining a change in the amount of the blood constituent based on the difference.
1. A wearable device, comprising:
a light source configured to emit light that is absorbed by blood glucose, the light source positioned on the wearable device to emit the light towards a body part of a subject as the subject wears the wearable device;
an optical sensor configured to detect the light and positioned on the wearable device to detect reflected light passing through a vein or an artery of the subject;
an impedance sensor configured to detect an impedance signal corresponding to an impedance of blood in the vein or the artery, the impedance sensor positioned in the wearable device adjacent to the optical sensor or the light source;
a processing device coupled to the light source, the optical sensor, and the impedance sensor; and
a memory device coupled to the processing device, the memory device storing instructions executable by the processing device to:
determine, for a set of optical measurements taken during a measurement period, optical data based on the reflected light that is detected by the optical sensor, wherein the optical data indicates:
a first set of blood glucose measurements; and
optical noise that obscures the first set of blood glucose measurements;
determine, for a set of impedance measurements taken during the measurement period, impedance data based on the impedance signal detected by the impedance sensor, wherein the impedance data indicates:
a second set of blood glucose measurements; and
impedance noise that obscures the second set of blood glucose measurements, wherein the impedance noise is non-correlative with the optical noise;
generate, by a correlation function, combined data based on the optical data and the impedance data, wherein:
the correlation function is a function of amplitude and time;
the combined data indicates combined noise that is dampened relative to the optical noise and the impedance noise; and
the combined data indicates a set of combined blood glucose measurements that are amplified or maintained relative to the first set of blood glucose measurements and the second set of blood glucose measurements;
determine first average amplitude data for a first time segment of the combined data;
determine second average amplitude data for a second time segment of the combined data;
determine, based on the first average amplitude data and the second average amplitude data, change data that indicates a change in a blood glucose level of the subject; and
output the change data to the memory device or another device in communication with the processing device.
2. The wearable device of claim 1 , wherein:
the optical data is further based on a voltage output by the optical sensor; and
the impedance data is further based on a voltage output by the impedance sensor.
3. The wearable device of claim 1 , wherein, to generate the combined data by the correlation function, the instructions are further executable to normalize the optical data and the impedance data to a uniform scale.
4. The wearable device of claim 1 , wherein:
the second time segment is immediately after the first time segment; or
a third time segment is between the first time segment and the second time segment.
5. The wearable device of claim 1 , further comprising a display device coupled to the processing device or the memory device, and the instructions further executable to:
generate display data based on the change data; and
output the display data to the display device.
6. The wearable device of claim 1 , further comprising a communication device coupled to the processing device or the memory device, the instructions further executable to output the change data to a server device via the communication device.
7. The wearable device of claim 1 , wherein the optical data or the impedance data comprises spectral data that indicates multiple frequency domains corresponding, respectively, to multiple blood constituents of the subject.
8. A system, comprising:
a first sensor configured to measure a first physiological parameter of a subject;
a second sensor configured to measure the first physiological parameter;
a processing device communicatively coupled to the first sensor and the second sensor; and
a memory device communicatively coupled to the processing device, the memory device storing instructions executable by the processing device to:
determine first signal data based on a first signal output by the first sensor during a measurement period, wherein the first signal data indicates:
a first set of parameter measurements corresponding to the first physiological parameter; and
first noise that obscures the first set of parameter measurements;
determine second signal data based on a second signal output by the second sensor during the measurement period, wherein the second signal data indicates:
a second set of parameter measurements corresponding to the first physiological parameter; and
second noise that obscures the second measurement data, wherein the second noise is non-correlative with the first noise;
generate, by a correlation function, combined data based on the first signal data and the second signal data, wherein the combined data indicates:
combined noise that is dampened relative to the first noise and the second noise; and
a set of combined measurements that are amplified or maintained relative to the first set of parameter measurements and the second set of parameter measurements;
determine first average amplitude data for a first time segment of the combined data;
determine second average amplitude data for a second time segment of the combined data;
determine, based on the first average amplitude data and the second average amplitude data, change data that indicates a change in the first physiological parameter; and
output the change data to the memory device or another device in communication with the processing device.
9. The system of claim 8 , wherein the first physiological parameter comprises blood glucose, hematocrit, a hormone, blood oxygen, blood alcohol, plasma, or water.
10. The system of claim 8 , wherein:
the first sensor is a first portion of a spectrometer corresponding to a first spectral range; and
the second sensor is a second portion of the spectrometer corresponding to a second spectral range.
11. The system of claim 8 , wherein:
the first sensor and the second sensor are configured to measure a second physiological parameter that has a different variation rate than the first physiological parameter;
the first set of parameter measurements and the second set of parameter measurements are indicative of the second physiological parameter;
the combined data indicates a second set of combined measurements corresponding to the second physiological parameter; and
the instructions are further executable to determine the first time segment and the second time segment such that the change data is indicative of the first physiological parameter and not the second physiological parameter.
12. The system of claim 8 , wherein the first sensor and the second sensor are integrated into a wrist-worn device.
13. The system of claim 12 , wherein the processing device or the memory device is:
a component of a cloud-based data analytics system communicatively coupled to the wrist-worn device; or
a component of a smartphone communicatively coupled to the wrist-worn device.
14. The system of claim 8 , wherein the instructions are further executable to determine the measurement period based on:
a variation rate of the physiological parameter; or
an input received from a user device.
15. A method, comprising:
receiving, by a processing device, first sensor data based on an output of a first physiological sensor during a measurement period, wherein the first sensor data comprises a first noise component and a first measurement component;
receiving, by the processing device, second sensor data based on an output of a second physiological sensor during the measurement period, wherein the second sensor data comprises a second noise component and a second measurement component;
generating, by the processing device, clean data based on a correlation of the first sensor data and the second sensor data, wherein the clean data comprises:
a dampened noise component that is dampened relative to the first noise component and the second noise component; and
a combined measurement component that is indicative of the physiological parameter;
determining, by the processing device, first average amplitude data for a first time segment of the clean data;
determining, by the processing device, second average amplitude data for a second time segment of the clean data;
determining, by the processing device based on the first average amplitude data and the second average amplitude data, change data that indicates a change in a first physiological parameter; and
outputting the change data to a device configured to store or display the change data.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the processing device is a component of:
a medical device;
a wearable health monitor;
a smartwatch;
a smartphone;
a personal computer; or
a cloud-based data processing system.
17. The method of claim 15 , wherein the first physiological sensor measures the first physiological parameter by a different physical mechanism than the second physiological sensor.
18. The method of claim 15 , further comprising determining a measurement of a second physiological parameter based on the first sensor data, wherein the second sensor data is not indicative of the measurement of the second physiological parameter.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the first sensor data comprises:
a first frequency domain that is indicative of the first physiological parameter; and
a second frequency domain that is indicative of the second physiological parameter.
20. The method of claim 15 , wherein the first noise component or the second noise component is indicative of:
electronic noise generated by the first physiological sensor or the second physiological sensor; or
a heartbeat waveform.