Controlling contamination in hydrogen production from water-reactive aluminum
A system for controlling contamination in hydrogen production from water-reactive aluminum includes at least one reaction vessel. For example, each reaction vessel may include a container, a conduit, and a plurality of baffles. The container may define a volume, and the conduit may define an orifice outside of the container and spaced away from the container. The plurality of baffles may be disposed in the volume to form a tortuous flow path through the volume to the orifice of the conduit to facilitate rapid production of a large quantity of hydrogen from water-reactive aluminum while reducing the likelihood that ejecta, aerosols, or a combination thereof, may escape the reaction vessel to interfere with end-use of the hydrogen produced.
1. A flexible reaction vessel comprising:
a bag including a first end portion and a second end portion, the bag defining a volume from the first end portion to the second end portion, and the first end portion and the second end portion defining an axis extending through the volume;
a conduit fluidically coupled to the volume of the bag along the axis extending through volume; and
a baffle disposed in the volume of the bag, the baffle including a surface intersecting the axis extending through the volume.
2. The flexible reaction vessel of claim 1 , wherein the volume of the bag is expandable from an unexpanded state to an expanded state.
3. The flexible reaction vessel of claim 2 , wherein the bag is formed of rubber, one or more polymeric materials, or a combination thereof.
4. The flexible reaction vessel of claim 1 , wherein the axis is a center axis extending through the volume.
5. The flexible reaction vessel of claim 1 , wherein the conduit is fluidically coupled to the volume of the bag along the first end portion of the bag, and the surface of the baffle is disposed in the volume away from the first end portion of the bag.
6. The flexible reaction vessel of claim 1 , wherein the conduit defines a minimum cross-sectional area, the baffle forms at least a portion of a flow restriction in the volume between the first end portion of the bag and the second end portion of the bag, and a ratio of an open area of the flow restriction to the minimum cross-sectional area of the conduit is greater than 1.5:1 and less than 2.5:1.
7. The flexible reaction vessel of claim 1 , wherein the baffle and the bag define an annular region therebetween.
8. The flexible reaction vessel of claim 1 , wherein the baffle defines one or more orifices.
9. The flexible reaction vessel of claim 1 , wherein the surface of the baffle has a three-dimensional shape.
10. The flexible reaction vessel of claim 1 , wherein the surface of the baffle extends radially from the axis, and a radial dimension of the surface increases in a direction from the first end portion toward the second end portion of the bag.
11. The flexible reaction vessel of claim 10 , wherein the surface of the baffle is a surface of revolution about the axis.
12. The flexible reaction vessel of claim 11 , wherein the surface includes a cone having an apex toward the first end portion of the bag and a base toward the second end portion of the bag.
13. The flexible reaction vessel of claim 1 , wherein the surface of the baffle is adjustably positionable along the axis in the volume of the bag.
14. The flexible reaction vessel of claim 1 , further comprising a plurality of rods coupled to the baffle, wherein the plurality of rods restrict movement of the baffle within the volume.
15. The flexible reaction vessel of claim 14 , further comprising an endplate, wherein the plurality of rods are coupled to the endplate, and the endplate is disposed along the second end portion of the bag.
16. A method of producing hydrogen in a flexible reaction vessel, the method comprising:
providing water to a volume defined by a bag;
via a first end portion of the bag, introducing activated aluminum into the volume along an axis defined by the first end portion of the bag and a second end portion of the bag; and
spreading the activated aluminum away from the axis, toward a periphery of the volume along the second end portion, as the activated aluminum moves from the first end portion of the bag toward the second end portion of the bag; and
with the activated aluminum spread at the periphery of the volume, reacting the activated aluminum with the water within the volume to produce hydrogen-containing gas.
17. The method of claim 16 , further comprising cooling the bag in a body of water as the activated aluminum reacts with the water within the volume to produce the hydrogen-containing gas.
18. The method of claim 17 , wherein providing the water to the volume defined by the bag includes directing the water into the volume from the body of water cooling the bag.
19. The method of claim 17 , further comprising directing the hydrogen-containing gas from the bag to a container supported on a ship to which the bag is tethered.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the container is an inflatable structure supported by the ship.
21. The method of claim 16 , wherein providing the water to the volume defined by the bag includes directing seawater into the volume.
22. The method of claim 16 , wherein spreading the activated aluminum away from the axis includes sliding the activated aluminum along a baffle as the activated aluminum moves in the volume under gravitational force.