Nanomaterial epidermal sensors
Nanomaterial epidermal sensors can be adhered to the skin and worn comfortably and inconspicuously for days to allow for repeated biometric sensing. The nanomaterial epidermal sensors may be comprised of a monolayer of graphene coating a flexible polymer substrate. Various nanomaterial epidermal sensors may be quickly fabricated using a cost-efficient “cut-and-paste” method on transfer paper and can be adhered directly to skin without tape or adhesive, much like a temporary-tattoo. The nanomaterial epidermal sensors may be optically transparent and may be used to measure an electrocardiogram (ECG), an electroencephalogram (EEG) or an electromyogram (EMG) with a signal-to-noise ratio that is comparable to conventional electrodes. In addition, the nanomaterial epidermal sensors may be used to measure other parameters, such as skin temperature or skin hydration.
1. A non-adhesive graphene epidermal sensor system (GESS), the GESS comprising:
an epidermal electrode, the epidermal electrode comprising:
a flexible polymer substrate coated on a first side with a monolayer of graphene that is cut into a graphene electrode pattern, wherein the graphene electrode pattern is configured to adhere to an epidermis of a test subject by a van der Waals force and be in contact with the epidermis;
a sheet of transfer paper that is bonded to a second side of the flexible polymer substrate using a water soluble glue so that when the monolayer of graphene is placed against the epidermis of the test subject and the sheet of transfer paper is moistened, the second side of the flexible polymer substrate is released from the sheet of transfer paper and the flexible polymer substrate coated with the monolayer of graphene is adhered to the epidermis; and
electrical leads connected to the graphene electrode pattern that transmit/receive electrical signals to/from the test subject; and
test equipment that senses a biological parameter or measures a biological signal corresponding to the test subject, wherein the test equipment is configured to connect to the epidermal electrode using the electrical leads.
2. The GESS according to claim 1 , wherein the graphene electrode pattern comprises a plurality of contacts that are spatially separated.
3. The GESS according to claim 1 , wherein the graphene electrode pattern forms a skin hydration sensor (SHS).
4. The GESS according to claim 1 , wherein the graphene electrode pattern forms an electrophysiological sensor (EPS).
5. The GESS according to claim 1 , wherein the graphene electrode pattern remains adhered to the epidermis for a period of days and wherein the test equipment is attached to and disconnected from the epidermal electrode multiple times during the period of days.
6. A method for using a non-adhesive graphene epidermal sensor system (GESS), the method comprising:
adhering a graphene electrode pattern to an epidermis of a subject, wherein the graphene electrode pattern comprises a plurality of contacts comprising a flexible polymer substrate coated on a first side with a monolayer of graphene, and wherein the graphene electrode pattern is adhered to the epidermis of the subject using a sheet of transfer paper that is bonded to a second side of the flexible polymer substrate using a water soluble glue so that when the graphene electrode pattern is placed against the epidermis of the test subject and the sheet of transfer paper is moistened, the second side of the flexible polymer substrate is released from the sheet of transfer paper and the graphene electrode pattern is adhered to the epidermis by a van der Waals force and in contact with the epidermis; and,
connecting electrical leads to two or more of the plurality of contacts;
connecting the electrical leads to test equipment;
transmitting/receiving electrical signals to/from the electrical leads to sense an attribute of the epidermis or an electrophysiological signal using the test equipment.
7. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the attribute of the epidermis is a hydration level.
8. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the attribute of the epidermis is a temperature.
9. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the electrophysiological signal is an electrocardiogram (ECG).
10. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the electrophysiological signal is an electroencephalogram (EEG).
11. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the electrophysiological signal is an electromyogram (EMG).
12. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the connecting electrical leads to two or more of the plurality of contacts comprises aligning the electrical leads with one or more alignment features, wherein the alignment features are one or more shapes, patterns, and/or openings in the graphene electrode pattern.
13. The method according to claim 6 , wherein the flexible polymer substrate is polyimide (PI).