Hydrided moderators for nuclear reactors
High temperature moderators for nuclear reactors and processes for their production are disclosed. The moderators include at least one hydrided metal and/or hydride metal allow, such as yttrium hydride, thorium hydride, yttrium-cerium hydride, yttrium-gadolinium hydride, yttrium calcium hydride, cerium hydride, etc. Such metal hydrides and/or hydride alloys may have high thermal stability, a relatively low thermal neutron absorption cross section, the ability to retain hydrogen over a large temperature range, and have good mechanical properties. Such moderators may induce spectral shift in reactors which, in turn, magnifies the Doppler reactivity temperature coefficient. Such moderators to thermalize neutrons may also enhance fuel utilization and cost-effectiveness of the reactor while keeping the core portable.
1. A method for producing a moderator, comprising:
placing a compact comprising at least one of a metal hydride, a metal alloy hydride, or a combination thereof, into a furnace comprising a noble gas;
raising a temperature in the furnace to a first temperature above about 1000° C., and maintaining the first temperature for a period of time, thereby sintering the compact;
reducing the first temperature in the furnace to a second temperature lower than the first temperature;
introducing a first gas comprising at least about 4% hydrogen into the furnace;
maintaining the second temperature for a period of time until a target stoichiometry of a hydride material in the compact is reached;
reducing the second temperature in the furnace to a third temperature that is lower than the second temperature;
evacuating the first gas under vacuum for a period of time and then performing a noble gas purge; and
cooling the compact, thereby producing a moderator, wherein
the moderator has a density that is greater than about 85% of the theoretical density of the hydride material.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the density of the moderator is greater than about 90% of the theoretical density of the hydride material.
3. The method of claim 2 , wherein the density of the moderator is greater than about 95% of the theoretical density of the hydride material.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first temperature is above about 1100° C.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first temperature is above about 1200° C.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one of the metal hydride, the metal alloy hydride, or the combination thereof comprises at least one of yttrium hydride, a yttrium alloy hydride, or a combination thereof.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one of the metal hydride, the metal alloy hydride, or the combination thereof comprises at least one of zirconium hydride, a zirconium alloy hydride, or a combination thereof.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one of the metal hydride, the metal alloy hydride, or the combination thereof comprises a yttrium-cerium hydride.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one of the metal hydride, the metal alloy hydride, or the combination thereof comprises a yttrium-gadolinium hydride.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the at least one of the metal hydride, the metal alloy hydride, or the combination thereof comprises at least one of a metal hydride or a metal alloy hydride of thorium, cerium (Ce), calcium (Ca), scandium (Sc), beryllium (Be), lithium (Li), a yttrium-calcium alloy, or any combination thereof.
11. A method for producing a moderator, comprising:
synthesizing at least one of a metal hydride, metal alloy hydride, or a combination thereof, into at least one monolith;
breaking down the at least one monolith into pieces;
crushing the pieces into a powder;
pressing the powder into the compact;
placing the compact into a furnace comprising a noble gas;
raising a temperature in the furnace to a first temperature above about 1000° C., and maintaining the first temperature for a period of time, thereby sintering the compact;
reducing the first temperature in the furnace to a second temperature lower than the first temperature;
introducing a first gas comprising at least about 4% hydrogen into the furnace;
maintaining the second temperature for a period of time until a target stoichiometry of a hydride material in the compact is reached;
reducing the second temperature in the furnace to a third temperature that is lower than the second temperature;
evacuating the first gas under vacuum for a period of time and then performing a noble gas purge; and
cooling the compact, thereby producing a moderator, wherein
the moderator has a density that is greater than about 85% of the theoretical density of the hydride material.
12. A method for producing a moderator, comprising:
placing a compact comprising at least one of yttrium hydride, a yttrium alloy hydride, zirconium hydride, a zirconium alloy hydride, or a combination thereof, into a furnace comprising a noble gas;
raising a temperature in the furnace to a first temperature above about 1000° C., and maintaining the first temperature for a period of time, thereby sintering the compact;
reducing the first temperature in the furnace to a second temperature lower than the first temperature;
introducing a first gas comprising at least about 4% hydrogen into the furnace;
maintaining the second temperature for a period of time until a target stoichiometry of a hydride material in the compact is reached;
reducing the second temperature in the furnace to a third temperature that is lower than the second temperature;
evacuating the first gas under vacuum for a period of time and then performing a noble gas purge; and
cooling the compact, thereby producing a moderator, wherein
the moderator has a density that is greater than about 85% of the theoretical density of the hydride material.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the density of the moderator is greater than about 90% of the theoretical density of the hydride material.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the density of the moderator is greater than about 95% of the theoretical density of the hydride material.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the first temperature is above about 1100° C.