Fiber reinforced tissue composites
Engineered, reinforced leather materials (engineered leathers) including a composite of a fibrous matrix that has been tanned to allow crosslinking of the fibrous matrix to the collagen formed by cultured cells (e.g., fibroblasts). These engineered leathers may be referred to as fiber-reinforced biological tissue composites. Also described herein are methods of making such fiber-reinforced biological tissue composites.
1. A method of forming a fiber-reinforced composite material, the method comprising:
culturing cells selected from the group consisting of mammalian cells, reptile cells, fish cells, bird cells, and amphibian cells, on a fibrous scaffold until a plurality of fibers of the fibrous scaffold are surrounded by tissue comprising collagen at a density of greater than about 200,000 cells/cm′ of scaffold surface area; and
tanning the cultured scaffold to form a fiber-reinforced composite material,
wherein the fibers of the fibrous scaffold have a surface functional group,
wherein the collagen is cross-linked to the surface functional group on the plurality of fibers,
wherein the cross-linking between the functional group of the plurality of fibers and the collagen is sufficient to create the fiber-reinforced composite material comprising a tensile strength that is greater than about 1.0 MPa, and
wherein the scaffold comprises a naturally occurring cellulosic fiber containing the surface functional group, further wherein the surface functional group is selected from the group consisting of: an amine, a hydroxyl group, a carboxylic acid group, and combinations thereof.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the scaffold comprises a synthetic fiber.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the tanning comprises crosslinking the collagen to the scaffold.
4. A fiber-reinforced composite material, the material comprising:
a tanned fibrous scaffold comprising a plurality of fibers having a surface functional group,
wherein the plurality of fibers are surrounded by collagen cross-linked to the surface functional group on the plurality of fibers,
wherein the cross-linking between the surface functional group of the plurality of fibers and the collagen is sufficient to create a fiber-reinforced composite material having a tensile strength that is greater than about 1.0 MPa, and
wherein the scaffold comprises a naturally occurring cellulosic fiber containing the surface functional group, further wherein the surface functional group is selected from the group consisting of: an amine, a hydroxyl group, a carboxylic acid group, and combinations thereof.
5. The material of claim 4 , wherein the scaffold comprises a naturally occurring protein fiber containing the surface functional group.
6. The material of claim 4 , wherein the scaffold comprises a synthetic fiber.
7. The material of claim 4 , wherein the plurality of fibers are chemically modified to enhance adhesion of the collagen to the scaffold.
8. The material of claim 4 , wherein the surface functional group is protected during tissue growth and activated for crosslinking when tissue growth is complete.
9. The material of claim 4 , wherein the surface functional group is a crosslinker, and
wherein the material comprises between 0.0001% and 0.1% of the crosslinker.
10. The material of claim 4 , further comprising a leather dye.
11. The material of claim 10 , wherein the leather dye is selected from the group consisting of: an acid dye, a basic dye, a direct dye, a reactive dye, a sulfur dye, a mordant dye, and combinations thereof.
12. The material of claim 4 , further comprising a fatliquoring agent.