Composite interlayer for lithium metal based solid state batteries and the method of making the same
A solid-state electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions includes a solid-state electrolyte that defines a first major surface and an electrode that defines a second major surface. The solid-state electrochemical cell also includes an interfacial layer disposed between the first major surface of the solid-state electrolyte and the second major surface of the electrode. The interfacial layer may include an ion-conductor disposed in an organic matrix.
1. A solid-state electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions, the electrochemical cell comprising:
a solid-state electrolyte defining a first major surface;
an electrode defining a second major surface; and
an interfacial layer disposed between the first major surface of the solid-state electrolyte and the second major surface of the electrode, the interfacial layer comprising an ion-conductor disposed in an organic matrix comprising an organophosphate, the ion-conductor selected from the group consisting of: LiNO 3 , Li 3 PO 4 , Li 3 P, Li 2 PO 2 N (UPON), Li 3 PS 4 , Li 3 ClO, LiF, Li 2 S, Li 3 N, ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , SnO 2 , Au, Si, Ge, Mg, Al, In, polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene (PP), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (BMIM-FSI), particulate graphite, acetylene black, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and combinations thereof.
2. The solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the electrode comprises lithium metal.
3. The solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the ion-conductor comprises LiNO 3 , Li 3 PO 4 , or both.
4. The solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the solid-state electrolyte comprises Li 1+x Al x Ge 2−x (PO 4 ) 3 where 0<x<1 (LAGP) or Li 1+x Al x Ti 2−x (PO 4 ) 3 where 0<x<1 and 0<y<2 (LATP), Li x La y TiO 3 where 0<x<1 and 0<y<1 (LLTO), Li 2+2x Zn 1−x GeO 4 where 0<x<1 (LISICON), Li 10 GeP 2 S 12 (LGPS), Li 3.25 Ge 0.25 P 0.75 S 4 , Li 4 GeS 4 , Li 6 PS 5 Cl, Li 7 La 3 Zr 2 O 12 (LLZO), Li 2 PO 2 N (UPON), or combinations thereof.
5. The solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the solid-state electrolyte comprises Li 1+x Al x Ge 2−x (PO 4 ) 3 where 0<x<1 (LAGP).
6. The solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the interfacial layer has a thickness of greater than or equal to about 10 nanometers to less than or equal to about 500 nanometers.
7. The solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 1 , wherein the interfacial layer is formed by a method comprising:
preparing a mixture including an ionic conductor precursor, an organophosphate, and a non-polar organic solvent;
applying the mixture to the electrode; and
removing at least a portion of the non-polar organic solvent from the mixture to form the interfacial layer.
8. The solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 7 , wherein the mixture is applied to the electrode for a duration of from about five minutes to about ten hours.
9. The solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 7 , wherein the ionic conductor precursor comprises LiNO 3 .
10. The solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 7 , wherein the organophosphate comprises trimethyl phosphate (TMP), triethyl phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tetraethyl pyrophosphate, and tris(2-methylphenyl) phosphate, or combinations thereof.
11. The solid-state electrochemical cell of claim 7 , wherein the non-polar organic solvent comprises diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1,4-dioxane, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME), carbon tetrachloride, benzene, hexane, methylene chloride, or combinations thereof.
12. A method of making a solid-state electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions, the method comprising:
preparing a mixture including an ionic conductor precursor, an organophosphate, and a non-polar organic solvent;
applying the mixture to at least one surface of an electrode;
removing at least a portion of the non-polar organic solvent from the mixture to form a coating comprising the organophosphate on the at least one surface of the electrode, the coating comprising an ion-conductor disposed in an organic matrix comprising the organophosphate, the ion-conductor selected from the group consisting of: LiNO 3 , Li 3 PO 4 , Li 3 P, Li 2 PO 2 N (UPON), Li 3 PS 4 , Li 3 ClO, LiF, Li 2 S, Li 3 N, ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , SnO 2 , Au, Si, Ge, Mg, Al, In, polyethylene oxide (PEO), polypropylene (PP), 1-butyl-3-methylimidazolium-bis(fluorosulfonyl)imide (BMIM-FSI), particulate graphite, acetylene black, carbon fibers, carbon nanotubes, graphene, and combinations thereof;
positioning the electrode adjacent a solid-state electrolyte such that the coating is disposed between the electrode and the solid-state electrolyte; and
pressing the electrode and the solid-state electrolyte together such that the coating forms an interfacial layer.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the electrode comprises lithium metal.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the mixture is applied to the electrode for a duration of about one hour.
15. The method of claim 12 , wherein the ionic conductor precursor comprises LiNO 3 .
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the organophosphate comprises trimethyl phosphate (TMP), triethyl phosphate, tris(1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tris(2-chloroethyl) phosphate, tris(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate, tetraethyl pyrophosphate, and tris(2-methylphenyl) phosphate, or combinations thereof.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the non-polar organic solvent comprises diethyl ether, 1,2-dimethoxyethane, 1, 4-dioxane, tetraethylene glycol dimethyl ether (TEGDME), carbon tetrachloride, benzene, hexane, methylene chloride, or combinations thereof.