Biomarker detection from breath samples
Methods, systems and techniques for the accurate measurement breath-borne biomarkers are disclosed. Such methods, systems and techniques may be used for the purposes of detection and/or measurement in breath samples of biomarkers.
1. A method for evaluating tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) level in a breath sample of a subject, the method comprising:
obtaining a breath sample of a subject;
excluding droplets larger than an upper range of a desired size range from the breath sample;
after excluding droplets larger than an upper range of a desired size range from the breath sample, drawing a portion of the breath sample over a surface upon which aerosol droplets within the desired size range are collected;
eluting the collected aerosol droplets on the surface into a fluid volume;
introducing a portion of the fluid volume into a reaction channel located in a test cartridge;
analyzing a reaction of the fluid volume within the reaction channel of the test cartridge to determine an amount of THC in the aerosol droplets of the breath sample;
comparing the determined amount of THC to a threshold level for THC in breath; and
indicating whether the determined amount of THC exceeds the threshold level using a visible and/or audible signal and/or readout on a display associated with a device on which analyzing the reaction and comparing are performed.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the threshold level is correlated with an average amount of THC in breath between 2 and 3 hours after inhalation.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the threshold level is less than 10 pg/L of breath.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the threshold level is between 2 to 5 pg/L of breath.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the threshold level is between 2 to 3 pg/L of breath.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the threshold level is about 2.4 pg/L of breath or, alternatively, between about 1 to 2 pg/L.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction channel has a hydraulic diameter of less than 0.8 mm and a length of at least 40 mm.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the reaction channel has a hydraulic diameter of about 0.7 mm and a length of about 57 mm.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the analyzing comprises an immunoassay.
10. The method of claim 9 , further comprising introducing a second portion of the fluid volume into an evidence channel on the test cartridge.
11. The method of claim 9 , wherein the reaction comprises a surface-based antibody-down immunoassay.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein the immunoassay is a noncompetitive immunoassay.
13. The method of claim 9 , wherein the reaction comprises surface-based antigen-down immunoassay.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the reaction comprises a heterogeneous competitive immunoassay.
15. The method of claim 9 , wherein the immunoassay comprises a homogeneous competitive immunoassay.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein the upper range of the desired size range is less than about 5 μm in diameter.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein the device on which analyzing and comparing are performed is a device into which the test cartridge is inserted.
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein the surface upon which aerosol droplets within the desired size range are collected is located in the test cartridge.