Vesicular monoamine transporter-2 ligands and their use in the treatment of psychostimulant abuse

1. A compound of formula (I):

wherein

m is an integer in the range from 1 to 3;

n is zero or an integer in the range from 1 to 5;

R 1 and R 2 are independently an aryl group or a heteroaryl group,

wherein R 1 is unsubstituted and R 2 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of mono-, di-, or tri-tritium; methyl; deuteromethyl (CD 3 ); tritiomethyl (CT 3 ); ethyl; propyl; isopropyl; C 4 -C 7 straight chain or branched alkyl; C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl; C 4 -C 7 alkenyl (including cis and trans geometrical forms); alkylsulfonyl; alkylsulfinyl; phenylethyl; amino; cycloalkylamine, isopropylamino; N-methylamino; N,N-dimethylamino; carboxylate; methylcarboxylate; ethylcarboxylate; propylcarboxylate; isopropylcarboxylate; carboxaldehyde; acetoxy; propionyloxy; isopropionyloxy; cyano; aminomethyl; N-methylaminomethyl; N,N-dimethylaminomethyl; carboxamide; N-methylcarboxamide; N,N-dimethylcarboxamide; acetyl; propionyl; formyl; benzoyl; sulfate; phenyl; methylsulfate; hydroxyl; methoxy; difluoromethoxy; ethoxy; propoxy; isopropoxy; thiol; methylthio; ethylthio; propiothiol; chloro; bromo; iodo; trifluoromethyl; vinyl; allyl; propargyl; nitro; carbamoyl; ureido; azido; isocyanate; thioisocyanate; hydroxylamino; nitrile; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; a nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; an oxygen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a selenium containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a mixed heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety containing at least two atoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; and ortho-, meta-, or para-substituted benzene;

or wherein R 2 is unsubstituted and R 1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of mono-, di-, or tri-tritium; methyl; deuteromethyl (CD 3 ); tritiomethyl (CT 3 ); ethyl; propyl; isopropyl; C 4 -C 7 straight chain or branched alkyl; C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl; C 4 -C 7 alkenyl (including cis and trans geometrical forms); alkylsulfonyl; alkylsulfinyl; phenylethyl; amino; cycloalkylamine, isopropylamino; N-methylamino; N,N-dimethylamino; carboxylate; methylcarboxylate; ethylcarboxylate; propylcarboxylate; isopropylcarboxylate; carboxaldehyde; acetoxy; propionyloxy; isopropionyloxy; cyano; aminomethyl; N-methylaminomethyl; N,N-dimethylaminomethyl; carboxamide; N-methylcarboxamide; N,N-dimethylcarboxamide; acetyl; propionyl; formyl; benzoyl; sulfate; phenyl; methylsulfate; methoxy; difluoromethoxy; ethoxy; propoxy; isopropoxy; thiol; methylthio; ethylthio; propiothiol; fluoro; chloro; bromo; iodo; vinyl; allyl; propargyl; nitro; carbamoyl; ureido; azido; isocyanate; thioisocyanate; hydroxylamino; nitrile; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; a nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; an oxygen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a selenium containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a mixed heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety containing at least two atoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; and ortho-, meta-, or para-substituted benzene;

or wherein R 1 and R 2 are substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of mono-, di-, or tri-tritium; methyl; deuteromethyl (CD 3 ); tritiomethyl (CT 3 ); ethyl; propyl; isopropyl; C 4 -C 7 straight chain or branched alkyl; C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl; C 4 -C 7 alkenyl (including cis and trans geometrical forms); alkylsulfonyl; alkylsulfinyl; phenylethyl; amino; cycloalkylamine, isopropylamino; N-methylamino; N,N-dimethylamino; carboxylate; methylcarboxylate; ethylcarboxylate; propylcarboxylate; isopropylcarboxylate; carboxaldehyde; acetoxy; propionyloxy; isopropionyloxy; cyano; aminomethyl; N-methylaminomethyl; N,N-dimethylaminomethyl; carboxamide; N-methylcarboxamide; N,N-dimethylcarboxamide; acetyl; propionyl; formyl; benzoyl; sulfate; phenyl; methylsulfate; hydroxyl; methoxy; difluoromethoxy; ethoxy; propoxy; isopropoxy; thiol; methylthio; ethylthio; propiothiol; fluoro; chloro; bromo; iodo; trifluoromethyl; vinyl; allyl; propargyl; nitro; carbamoyl; ureido; azido; isocyanate; thioisocyanate; hydroxylamino; nitrile; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; a nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; an oxygen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a selenium containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a mixed heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety containing at least two atoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; and ortho-, meta-, or para-substituted benzene,

wherein one or more of the benzyl; phenyl; saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; oxygen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; selenium containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; mixed heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety containing at least two atoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; or ortho-, meta-, or para-substituted benzene substituent on R 1 or R 2 may be independently fused to R 1 or R 2 or linked to R 1 or R 2 ;

R 3 is a methyl; ethyl; propyl; isopropyl; hydroxymethyl; 2-hydroxyethyl; 1-hydroxyethyl; methoxymethyl; 2-methoxyethyl; 1-methoxyethyl; aminomethyl; 2-aminoethyl; 1-aminoethyl; N-methylaminomethyl; 2-N-methylaminoethyl; 1-N-methylaminoethyl; N,N-dimethylaminomethyl; 2-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl; 1-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl; methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl substituted with one or more fluoro; or benzyl;

R 4 is an ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, or carbonyl group; or a methyl, ethyl, propyl or isopropyl group substituted with a hydroxyaryl group; and

R 5 is hydrogen or methyl; or

an enantiomer; racemate; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or

wherein

m is an integer in the range from 1 to 3;

n is zero or an integer in the range from 1 to 5;

R 1 and R 2 are independently an aryl group or a heteroaryl group,

wherein R 2 is unsubstituted and R 1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of mono-, di-, or tri-tritium; methyl; deuteromethyl (CD 3 ); tritiomethyl (CT 3 ); ethyl; propyl; isopropyl; C 4 -C 7 straight chain or branched alkyl; C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl; C 4 -C 7 alkenyl (including cis and triflcycloalkylamine, isopropylamino; N-methylamino; N,N-dimethylamino; carboxylate; methylcarboxylate; ethylcarboxylate; propylcarboxylate; isopropylcarboxylate; carboxaldehyde; acetoxy; propionyloxy; isopropionyloxy; cyano; aminomethyl; N-methylaminomethyl; N,N-dimethylaminomethyl; carboxamide; N-methylcarboxamide; N,N-dimethylcarboxamide; acetyl; propionyl; formyl; benzoyl; sulfate; phenyl; methylsulfate; difluoromethoxy; ethoxy; propoxy; isopropoxy; thiol; methylthio; ethylthio; propiothiol; chloro; iodo; vinyl; allyl; propargyl; carbamoyl; ureido; azido; isocyanate; thioisocyanate; hydroxylamino; nitrile; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; a nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; an oxygen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a selenium containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a mixed heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety containing at least two atoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; and ortho-, meta-, or para-substituted benzene;

or wherein R 1 and R 2 are substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of mono-, di-, or tri-tritium; methyl; deuteromethyl (CD 3 ); tritiomethyl (CT 3 ); ethyl; propyl; isopropyl; C 4 -C 7 straight chain or branched alkyl; C 3 -C 6 cycloalkyl; C 4 -C 7 alkenyl (including cis and trans geometrical forms); alkylsulfonyl; alkylsulfinyl; phenylethyl; cycloalkylamine, isopropylamino; N-methylamino; N,N-dimethylamino; carboxylate; methylcarboxylate; ethylcarboxylate; propylcarboxylate; isopropylcarboxylate; carboxaldehyde; acetoxy; propionyloxy; isopropionyloxy; cyano; aminomethyl; N-methylaminomethyl; N,N-dimethylaminomethyl; carboxamide; N-methylcarboxamide; N,N-dimethylcarboxamide; acetyl; propionyl; formyl; benzoyl; sulfate; phenyl; methylsulfate; difluoromethoxy; ethoxy; propoxy; isopropoxy; thiol; methylthio; ethylthio; propiothiol; chloro; iodo; trifluoromethyl; vinyl; allyl; propargyl; carbamoyl; ureido; azido; isocyanate; thioisocyanate; hydroxylamino; nitrile; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; a nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; an oxygen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a selenium containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a mixed heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety containing at least two atoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; and ortho-, meta-, or para-substituted benzene,

wherein one or more of the benzyl; phenyl; saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; oxygen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; selenium containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; mixed heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety containing at least two atoms selected from the group consisting of nitrogen, oxygen and sulfur; or ortho-, meta-, or para-substituted benzene substituent on R 1 or R 2 may be independently fused to R 1 or R 2 or linked to R 1 or R 2 ;

R 3 is a methyl; ethyl; propyl; isopropyl; hydroxymethyl; 2-hydroxyethyl; 1-hydroxyethyl; methoxymethyl; 2-methoxyethyl; 1-methoxyethyl; aminomethyl; 2-aminoethyl; 1-aminoethyl; N-methylaminomethyl; 2-N-methylaminoethyl; 1-N-methylaminoethyl; N,N-dimethylaminomethyl; 2-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl; 1-N,N-dimethylaminoethyl; methyl, ethyl, propyl, or isopropyl substituted with one or more fluoro; or benzyl;

R 4 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl; and

R 5 is a hydrogen or a methyl; or

an enantiomer; racemate; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

2. The compound of claim 1 , wherein

m is 1;

n is 2;

R 3 is methyl; and

R 5 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl; or

an enantiomer; racemate; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

3. The compound of claim 2 , wherein:

R 5 is hydrogen; or

an enantiomer; racemate; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

4. The compound of claim 1 , wherein

m is 1;

n is 2;

R 1 and R 2 are independently an aryl group or a heteroaryl group,

wherein R 1 is unsubstituted and is R 2 substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of methyl; alkylsulfonyl; alkylsulfinyl; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; a nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; phenyl; amino; cycloalkylamine; isopropylamino; N-methylamino; N,N-dimethylamino; ethylcarboxylate; carboxamide; N-methylcarboxamide; hydroxyl; methoxy; difluoromethoxy; thiol; fluoro; chloro; bromo; iodo; trifluoromethyl; nitro; and nitrile;

or wherein R 2 is unsubstituted and R 1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of methyl; alkylsulfonyl; alkylsulfinyl; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; a nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; phenyl; amino; cycloalkylamine; isopropylamino; N-methylamino; N,N-dimethylamino; ethylcarboxylate; carboxamide; N-methylcarboxamide; methoxy; difluoromethoxy; thiol; fluoro; chloro; bromo; iodo; nitro; and nitrile;

or wherein R 1 and R 2 are substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of methyl; alkylsulfonyl; alkylsulfinyl; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; a nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; phenyl; amino; cycloalkylamine; isopropylamino; N-methylamino; N,N-dimethylamino; ethylcarboxylate; carboxamide; N-methylcarboxamide; hydroxyl; methoxy; difluoromethoxy; thiol; fluoro; chloro; bromo; iodo; trifluoromethyl; nitro; and nitrile,

wherein one or more of the phenyl; saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety substituent on R 1 or R 2 may be independently fused to R 1 or R 2 or linked to R 1 or R 2 ;

R 3 is a methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, hydroxymethyl, or methyl substituted with one or more fluoro; or benzyl; and

R 4 is a carbonyl group; or an ethyl, propyl or isopropyl group substituted with a hydroxyaryl group; and

R 5 is a hydrogen or a methyl; or

an enantiomer; racemate; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or

wherein

m is 1;

n is 2;

R 1 and R 2 are independently an aryl group or a heteroaryl group,

wherein R 1 is unsubstituted and R 2 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of methyl; alkylsulfonyl; alkylsulfinyl; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; a nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; phenyl; amino; cycloalkylamine; isopropylamino; N-methylamino; N,N-dimethylamino; ethylcarboxylate; carboxamide; N-methylcarboxamide; hydroxyl; methoxy; difluoromethoxy; thiol; chloro; bromo; iodo; trifluoromethyl; nitro; and nitrile;

or wherein R 2 is unsubstituted and R 1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of methyl; alkylsulfonyl; alkylsulfinyl; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; a nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; phenyl; cycloalkylamine; isopropylamino; N-methylamino; N,N-dimethylamino; ethylcarboxylate; carboxamide; N-methylcarboxamide; difluoromethoxy; thiol; chloro; iodo; and nitrile;

or wherein R 1 and R 2 are substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of methyl; alkylsulfonyl; alkylsulfinyl; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; a nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; phenyl; cycloalkylamine; isopropylamino; N-methylamino; N,N-dimethylamino; ethylcarboxylate; carboxamide; N-methylcarboxamide; difluoromethoxy; thiol; chloro; iodo; trifluoromethyl; and nitrile,

wherein one or more of the phenyl; saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety substituent on R 1 or R 2 may be independently fused to R 1 or R 2 or linked to R 1 or R 2 ;

R 3 is a methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, hydroxymethyl, or methyl substituted with one or more fluoro; or benzyl; and

R 4 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl; and

R 5 is a hydrogen or a methyl; or

an enantiomer; racemate; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

5. The compound of claim 2 , wherein

R 1 is a pyridyl group; a pyrimidyl group; an unsubstituted phenyl; or a phenyl substituted with chloro, difluoro, carboxamide, or pyridinyl, and

R 2 is a indolyl group; a pyridyl group; a pyrazolyl group; an imidazolyl group; a quinolinyl group; a methylpyrazolyl group; an unsubstituted phenyl; or a phenyl substituted with chloro, bromo, iodo, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, carboxamide, methylcarboxamide, amine, aminoisopropyl, aminocyclobutyl, dimethylamino, nitro, methylsulfonyl, methylsulfinyl, ethylcarboxylate, pyrimidinyl, pyridinyl, indolyl, thiophene, or hydroxyl; or

an enantiomer; racemate; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

6. A compound selected from the group consisting of

or

an enantiomer; racemate; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising a compound of formula (I) as in claim 1 , or an enantiomer; racemate; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable additive.

8. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7 , wherein

m is 1;

n is 2;

R 3 is methyl; and

R 5 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl; or

an enantiomer; racemate; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

9. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 8 , wherein:

R 5 is hydrogen; or

an enantiomer; racemate; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

10. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7 , wherein

m is 1;

n is 2;

R 1 and R 2 are independently an aryl group or a heteroaryl group,

wherein R 1 is unsubstituted and R 2 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of methyl; alkylsulfonyl; alkylsulfinyl; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; a nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; phenyl; amino; cycloalkylamine; isopropylamino; N-methyl amino; N,N-dimethylamino; ethylcarboxylate; carboxamide; N-methylcarboxamide; hydroxyl; methoxy; difluoromethoxy; thiol; chloro; bromo; iodo; trifluoromethyl; nitro; and nitrile;

or wherein R 2 is unsubstituted and R 1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of methyl; alkylsulfonyl; alkylsulfinyl; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; a nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; phenyl; amino; cycloalkylamine; isopropylamino; N-methyl amino; N,N-dimethylamino; ethylcarboxylate; carboxamide; N-methylcarboxamide; methoxy; difluoromethoxy; thiol; fluoro; chloro; bromo; iodo; nitro; and nitrile;

or wherein R 1 and R 2 are substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of methyl; alkylsulfonyl; alkylsulfinyl; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; a nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; phenyl; amino; cycloalkylamine; isopropylamino; N-methyl amino; N,N-dimethylamino; ethylcarboxylate; carboxamide; N-methylcarboxamide; hydroxyl; methoxy; difluoromethoxy; thiol; fluoro; chloro; bromo; iodo; trifluoromethyl; nitro; and nitrile,

wherein one or more of the phenyl; saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; sulfur containing heterocyclic moiety or heteroaryl substituent on R 1 or R 2 may be independently fused to R 1 or R 2 or linked to R 1 or R 2 ;

R 3 is a methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, hydroxymethyl, or methyl substituted with one or more fluoro; or benzyl; and

R 4 is a carbonyl group; or an ethyl, propyl or isopropyl group substituted with a hydroxyaryl group; and

R 5 is hydrogen or methyl; or

an enantiomer; racemate; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof; or

wherein

m is 1;

n is 2;

R 1 and R 2 are independently an aryl group or a heteroaryl group,

wherein R 1 is unsubstituted and R 2 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of methyl; alkylsulfonyl; alkylsulfinyl; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; a nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; phenyl; amino; cycloalkylamine; isopropylamino; N-methyl amino; N,N-dimethylamino; ethylcarboxylate; carboxamide; N-methylcarboxamide; hydroxyl; methoxy; difluoromethoxy; thiol; chloro; bromo; iodo; trifluoromethyl; nitro; and nitrile;

or wherein R 2 is unsubstituted and R 1 is substituted with one or more substituents selected from the group consisting of methyl; alkylsulfonyl; alkylsulfinyl; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; a nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; phenyl; cycloalkylamine; isopropylamino; N-methyl amino; N,N-dimethylamino; ethylcarboxylate; carboxamide; N-methylcarboxamide; difluoromethoxy; thiol; chloro; iodo; and nitrile;

or wherein R 1 and R 2 are substituted with one or more substituents independently selected from the group consisting of methyl; alkylsulfonyl; alkylsulfinyl; a saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; a nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; a sulfur containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; phenyl; cycloalkylamine; isopropylamino; N-methyl amino; N,N-dimethylamino; ethylcarboxylate; carboxamide; N-methylcarboxamide; difluoromethoxy; thiol; chloro; iodo; trifluoromethyl; and nitrile,

wherein one or more of the phenyl; saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon ring; nitrogen containing heterocyclic or heteroaryl moiety; sulfur containing heterocyclic moiety or heteroaryl substituent on R 1 or R 2 may be independently fused to R 1 or R 2 or linked to R 1 or R 2 ;

R 3 is a methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, hydroxymethyl, or methyl substituted with one or more fluoro; or benzyl; and

R 4 is a hydrogen atom or a methyl; and

R 5 is a hydrogen or a methyl; or

an enantiomer; racemate; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

11. The pharmaceutical composition of claim 7 , wherein

R 1 is a pyridyl group; a pyrimidyl group; an unsubstituted phenyl; or a phenyl substituted with chloro, difluoro, carboxamide, amino, or pyridinyl; and

R 2 is a indolyl group; a pyridyl group; a pyrazolyl group; an imidazolyl group; a quinolinyl group; a methylpyrazolyl group; an unsubstituted phenyl; or a phenyl substituted with chloro, bromo, iodo, trifluoromethyl, methoxy, carboxamide, methylcarboxamide, amine, aminoisopropyl, aminocyclobutyl, dimethylamino, nitro, methyl sulfonyl, methylsulfinyl, ethylcarboxylate, pyrimidinyl, pyridinyl, indolyl, thiophene, or hydroxyl; or

an enantiomer; racemate; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof.

12. A pharmaceutical composition comprising any one of the compounds of claim 6 , or an enantiomer; racemate; or pharmaceutically acceptable salt thereof, and a pharmaceutically acceptable additive.