Ducts comprising exoskeleton and sound-absorbing structures and vehicles using such ducts
Described herein are noise attenuating ducts and vehicles using these ducts for environmental control systems. A duct comprises an exoskeleton structure and a sound-absorbing structure, disposed within and conforming to the exoskeleton structure. The exoskeleton structure provides external mechanical support to the sound-absorbing structure thereby helping to maintain the tubular shape of the sound-absorbing structure. This external support does not interfere with the airflow inside the sound-absorbing structure. Furthermore, the external positioning of the exoskeleton structure allows the integration of various support mounting features for the installation of the duct in a vehicle. In some examples, the exoskeleton structure comprises a plurality of enclosed openings to reduce the weight of the exoskeleton structure and provide additional flexibility. Furthermore, additive manufacturing of the exoskeleton structure allows achieving a monolithic structure with various features and characteristics described above.
1. A duct comprising:
an exoskeleton structure, formed using additive manufacturing and comprising an exoskeleton inner surface, the exoskeleton inner surface having a tubular shape and defining an exoskeleton interior;
a sound-absorbing structure, disposed within the exoskeleton interior and conforming to the exoskeleton inner surface, the sound-absorbing structure comprising a sound-absorbing inner surface defining a sound-absorbing interior;
an internal membrane, disposed within the sound-absorbing interior and conforming to the sound-absorbing inner surface;
an external membrane, disposed between the exoskeleton structure and the sound-absorbing structure such that the external membrane is in direct contact with the exoskeleton inner surface;
an inner-membrane fastener, wherein:
the inner-membrane fastener protrudes through the internal membrane and the sound-absorbing structure; and
the inner-membrane fastener supports the internal membrane and the sound-absorbing structure relative to the exoskeleton structure.
2. The duct of claim 1 , wherein the external membrane is sealed relative to the internal membrane thereby isolating the sound-absorbing structure from environment.
3. The duct of claim 1 , wherein at least one of the internal membrane or the external membrane comprises a polyether ketone-ketone (PEKK) film, a polyether ether-ketone (PEEK) film, a polyvinyl fluoride (PVF), a non-flammable material pressure-sensitive tape, or a combination thereof.
4. The duct of claim 1 , wherein at least a portion of the inner-membrane fastener is monolithic with the exoskeleton structure.
5. The duct of claim 1 , wherein:
the inner-membrane fastener further protrudes through the external membrane; and
the inner-membrane fastener supports the external membrane relative to the exoskeleton structure.
6. The duct of claim 1 , wherein the exoskeleton structure comprises a plurality of enclosed openings, evenly distributed around the inner exoskeleton surface.
7. The duct of claim 6 , wherein at least some openings of the plurality of enclosed openings have a rhombus shape.
8. The duct of claim 6 , wherein an area of the plurality of enclosed openings is greater than an area of the inner exoskeleton surface.
9. The duct of claim 6 , wherein an area of the plurality of enclosed openings is at least twice greater than an area of the inner exoskeleton surface.
10. The duct of claim 1 , wherein the exoskeleton structure comprises a snap fastener, monolithic with remaining parts of the exoskeleton structure and extending away from the sound-absorbing structure, the snap fastener being used for attaching and supporting the duct on an external structure.
11. The duct of claim 10 , wherein the exoskeleton structure comprises an axial limiter, monolithic with remaining parts of the exoskeleton structure and used for limiting at least an axial movement of the duct relative to the external structure.
12. The duct of claim 1 , wherein:
the tubular shape is defined by a center axis of the duct;
the exoskeleton structure is configured to retain a cross-section of the tubular shape, perpendicular to the center axis; and
the exoskeleton structure is further configured to provide bending of the duct about any axes perpendicular to the center axis.
13. The duct of claim 1 , wherein the sound-absorbing structure comprises melamine foam.
14. A vehicle comprising:
an environmental control system comprising a duct, wherein the duct comprises:
an exoskeleton structure, formed using additive manufacturing and comprising an exoskeleton inner surface, the exoskeleton inner surface having a tubular shape and defining an exoskeleton interior;
a sound-absorbing structure, disposed within the exoskeleton interior and conforming to the exoskeleton inner surface, the sound-absorbing structure comprising a sound-absorbing inner surface defining a sound-absorbing interior;
an internal membrane, disposed within the sound-absorbing interior and conforming to the sound-absorbing inner surface;
an external membrane, disposed between the exoskeleton structure and the sound-absorbing structure such that the external membrane is in direct contact with the exoskeleton inner surface;
an inner-membrane fastener, wherein:
the inner-membrane fastener protrudes through the internal membrane and the sound-absorbing structure; and
the inner-membrane fastener supports the internal membrane and the sound-absorbing structure relative to the exoskeleton structure.