Simultaneous edge blackening and light recycling in optical waveguide displays

1. A waveguide display comprising:

a waveguide configured to transport display light visible to human eyes;

a coupler formed on a broadside surface of the waveguide and configured to couple portions of the display light out of the waveguide at one or more regions of the waveguide; and

a photovoltaic device at an edge of the waveguide, the photovoltaic device configured to convert at least a portion of the display light that reaches the edge of the waveguide into electrical power.

2. The waveguide display of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic device includes a p-type layer and an n-type layer, and wherein at least one of the p-type layer, the n-type layer, or both are formed in the waveguide.

3. The waveguide display of claim 2 , wherein the p-type layer and the n-type layer are implanted in the waveguide and are at different depths from the broadside surface of the waveguide.

4. The waveguide display of claim 2 , wherein the p-type layer and the n-type layer are implanted in the waveguide and are at different depths from a sidewall surface of the waveguide.

5. The waveguide display of claim 2 , wherein the waveguide is p-doped and a surface layer of the waveguide is n-doped.

6. The waveguide display of claim 2 , wherein the waveguide is n-doped and a surface layer of the waveguide is p-doped.

7. The waveguide display of claim 2 , wherein dopants in the n-type layer include N, P, As, Ti, Cr, V, or a combination thereof, and wherein dopants in the p-type layer include B, Al, Ga, Ge, V, or a combination thereof.

8. The waveguide display of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic device includes a p-type region and an n-type region, and wherein the p-type region and the n-type region are formed in the waveguide and are at different regions of the broadside surface of the waveguide.

9. The waveguide display of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic device includes a p-type layer and an n-type layer, and wherein at least one of the p-type layer, the n-type layer, or both are deposited on the broadside surface or sidewalls of the waveguide.

10. The waveguide display of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic device includes a thin-film photovoltaic cell, the thin-film photovoltaic cell including a plurality of thin-film layers deposited on the broadside surface or sidewalls of the waveguide.

11. The waveguide display of claim 10 , wherein the plurality of thin-film layers includes an amorphous silicon carbide layer, a crystalline silicon layer, a cadmium telluride (CdTe) layer, a copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS) layer, a copper indium selenide (CIS) layer, a perovskite material layer, a dye-sensitized organic material layer, a quantum dots material layer, or a combination thereof.

12. The waveguide display of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide is characterized by a refractive index greater than 2.0.

13. The waveguide display of claim 1 , wherein the waveguide includes a substrate of SiC, LiNbO 3 , rutile, zinc sulfide, or zinc selenide.

14. The waveguide display of claim 1 , further comprising two electrodes, the two electrodes including a metal electrode, a transparent conductive oxide electrode, or both.

15. The waveguide display of claim 1 , wherein the photovoltaic device includes a tandem photovoltaic cell, a multijunction photovoltaic cell, or a stacked photovoltaic cell including photovoltaic cells having peak absorption at different wavelengths.

16. The waveguide display of claim 1 , further comprising a gate dielectric layer.

17. The waveguide display of claim 1 , further comprising a rechargeable battery or an electrical circuit connected to the photovoltaic device.

18. A near-eye display system comprising:

a frame;

one or more projectors configured to generate display light for displaying an image to a user's eye;

a waveguide coupled to the frame and configured to transport the display light;

one or more couplers configured to coupler the display light from the one or more projectors into the waveguide;

an output coupler formed on a broadside surface of the waveguide and configured to couple portions of the display light out of the waveguide at one or more regions of the waveguide; and

a photovoltaic device at an edge of the waveguide and electrically coupled to the frame, the photovoltaic device configured to convert at least a portion of the display light that reaches the edge of the waveguide into electrical power.

19. A method comprising:

forming one or more optical couplers on a broadside surface of a waveguide;

forming a photovoltaic device at an edge of the waveguide; and

coupling the waveguide to a frame of a near-eye display, the coupling including electrically coupling the photovoltaic device to an electrical device on the frame.

20. The method of claim 19 , wherein forming the photovoltaic device at the edge of the waveguide comprises:

implanting p-type dopants into the waveguide at a first implant depth range from the broadside surface or a sidewall surface of the waveguide; and

implanting n-type dopants into the waveguide at a second implant depth range from the broadside surface or the sidewall surface of the waveguide, the second implant depth range different from the first implant depth range.