Systems and methods of making carbon nanotubes
A method of producing a carbon nanotube may include heating a convergent flow nozzle and a flow chamber of a carbon nanotube reactor, flowing a vaporized reactant stream through the nozzle and collecting a carbon nanotube product from an outlet of a heated flow chamber disposed downstream of the heated convergent flow nozzle. The vaporized reactant stream may include a carbon nanotube nucleation carbon source, a carbon nanotube growth carbon source, and a carbon nanotube catalyst precursor. The nozzle may have a nozzle contraction ratio of from 3:1 to 300:1.
1. A method of producing a carbon nanotube product, the method comprising:
heating a convergent flow nozzle and a flow chamber of a carbon nanotube reactor, the carbon nanotube reactor having a heated flow chamber disposed downstream of the heated convergent flow nozzle;
flowing a vaporized reactant stream through the nozzle, the vaporized reactant stream comprising:
a carbon nanotube nucleation carbon source;
a carbon nanotube growth carbon source; and
a carbon nanotube catalyst precursor;
collecting a carbon nanotube product from an outlet of the heated flow chamber;
wherein the nozzle has a nozzle contraction ratio of from 3:1 to 300:1 and wherein the vaporized reactant stream comprises methanol and an alkyl alcohol having 2-6 carbon atoms or a mixture thereof in a ratio of 7:1 to 200:1 methanol:alkyl alcohol.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotube product comprises at least 98 at. % carbon.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the carbon nanotube product comprises less than 1.5 at. % amorphous carbon and/or metal.
4. The method of claim 1 comprising forming catalyst particles from the catalyst precursor in the carbon nanotube reactor and wherein at least 98% of the catalyst particles exiting the reactor have a mean diameter of not greater than 16 nm.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the median diameter of catalyst particles exiting the reactor is from 4 to 8 nm.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst precursor comprises iron.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst precursor comprises ferrocene and/or nickelocene.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the catalyst precursor comprises nickelocene and ferrocene in a ratio of 1:1000 to 1:20 nickelocene:ferrocene by weight.
9. The method of claim 6 , wherein the ratio of C to Fe in the vaporized reactant mixture is from 80 to 500.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of carbon atoms of the nanotube nucleation carbon source to carbon atoms of the nanotube growth carbon source in the vaporized reactant mixture is from 1:5 to 5:1.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanotube nucleation carbon source comprises an aromatic hydrocarbon or a heteroaromatic compound.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanotube nucleation carbon source is selected from the group consisting of: toluene, benzene, pyridine, acetylene, ethylene, and combinations thereof.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanotube nucleation carbon source comprises toluene.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein the nanotube growth carbon source comprises ethanol.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein the vaporized reactant stream comprises methanol and ethanol in a ratio of 10:1 to 100:1 methanol:ethanol.
16. The method of claim 1 comprising heating the nozzle to a temperature of 500° C. to 1100° C.
17. The method of claim 1 comprising heating the flow chamber to a temperature of 900° C. to 1250° C.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the vaporized reactant stream is carried into the nozzle and through the heated flow chamber by a non-reactive carrier gas.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the non-reactive carrier gas is nitrogen, helium, neon, argon, krypton, xenon, radon, and/or combinations thereof.
20. The method of claim 1 , wherein the ratio of methanol:—alkyl alcohol is 10:1-100:1.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein the alkyl alcohol is ethanol.
22. A method of producing a carbon nanotube product, the method comprising:
heating a convergent flow nozzle and a flow chamber of a carbon nanotube reactor, the carbon nanotube reactor having a heated flow chamber disposed downstream of the heated convergent flow nozzle;
flowing a vaporized reactant stream through the nozzle; and
collecting a carbon nanotube product from an outlet of the heated flow chamber, wherein the nozzle has a nozzle contraction ratio of from 3:1 to 300:1; and
wherein the vaporized reactant stream comprises:
93 to 98 wt. % methanol;
0.1 to 3 wt. % ethanol;
0.4 to 0.45 wt. % ferrocene;
0.05 to 0.1 wt. % thiophene; and
2.5 to 2.8 wt. % toluene.