Enhanced perovskite materials for photovoltaic devices
A perovskite material that has a perovskite crystal lattice having a formula of C x M y X z , where x, y, and z, are real numbers. Bulky organic cations reside near a surface or a grain boundary of the perovskite crystal lattice. C includes one or more cations selected from the group consisting of Group 1 metals, Group 2 metals, methylammonium, formamidinium, guanidinium, and ethene tetramine. M includes one or more metals each selected from the group consisting of Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Fe, Cd, Co, Ni, Cu, Ag, Au, Hg, Sn, Ge, Ga, Pb, In, Tl, Sb, Bi, Ti, Zn, Cd, Hg, and Zr and combinations thereof. X includes one or more anions each selected from the group consisting of halides, sulfides, selenides, and combinations thereof.
1. A perovskite material comprising:
a perovskite crystal lattice having a formula of CMX 3 ; and
bulky organic cations residing near a surface or a grain boundary of the perovskite crystal lattice and substituted in the perovskite crystal lattice, wherein the bulky organic cations are selected from the group consisting of butane-1,4-diammonium, octane-1,8-diammonium, bis(4-aminobutyl)-ammonium, and tris(4-aminobutyl)-ammonium, wherein at least one of the bulky organic cations residing less than 50 nm into the perovskite material crystal lattice from the surfaces or the grain boundaries of the perovskite material crystal lattice, and wherein a tail group of at least one of the bulky organic cations is not chemically connected to the surfaces or grain boundaries of the perovskite material, and wherein at least one of the bulky cations is substituted for least two C cations in the perovskite crystal lattice;
wherein:
C selected from the group consisting of methylammonium, and formamidinium;
M is Pb; and
X comprises one or more anions each selected from the group consisting of halides.
2. The perovskite material of claim 1 , wherein the perovskite material crystal lattice has a cubic structure.
3. A perovskite material comprising:
a formamidinium lead iodide perovskite material; and
bulky organic cations residing near a surface or grain boundary of the formamidinium lead iodide perovskite material and substituted in a crystal structure of the formamidinium lead perovskite material, wherein at least one of the bulky organic cations reside less than 50 nm into the formamidinium lead iodide perovskite material from the surfaces or grain boundaries of the formamidinium lead iodide perovskite material, and wherein a tail group of at least one of the bulky organic cations is not chemically connected to the surfaces or the grain boundaries within the formamidinium lead iodide perovskite material, where at least one of the bulky cations is substituted for at least two formamidinium in the perovskite crystal lattice of the formamidinium lead iodide perovskite material, and wherein the bulky organic cations are selected from the group consisting of, butane-1,4-diammonium, octane-1,8-diammonium, bis(4-aminobutyl)-ammonium, and tris(4-aminobutyl)-ammonium.
4. The perovskite material of claim 3 , wherein the formamidinium lead iodide perovskite material has a cubic crystal structure.