Energy storage systems and ammonia-powered electric vehicles including the same
An energy storage system is provided for an electric vehicle. The energy storage system comprises a first energy storage source. The first energy storage source includes an ammonia tank configured to hold ammonia, an ammonia converter configured to receive ammonia from the ammonia tank and convert the received ammonia into hydrogen, and a fuel cell system communicating with the ammonia converter and configured to generate output power from hydrogen that is received from the ammonia converter.
1. An energy storage system for an electric vehicle, the energy storage system comprising a first energy storage source that includes:
an ammonia tank configured to hold ammonia;
an ammonia converter configured to receive ammonia from the ammonia tank and convert the received ammonia into hydrogen; and
a fuel cell system communicating with the ammonia converter and configured to generate output power from hydrogen that is received from the ammonia converter,
where the first energy storage source further includes a power conditioning system that communicates with the fuel cell system and regulates the output power of the fuel cell system,
wherein the energy storage system further comprises:
a second energy storage source, the second energy storage source including a battery; and
a third energy storage source, the third energy storage source including a supercapacitor, the supercapacitor being connected with the battery in parallel,
wherein the fuel cell system is configured to provide controllable electric power to the battery or the supercapacitor via the power conditioning system.
2. The energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the ammonia tank is configured to hold the ammonia in liquefied or gas form, and a pressure within the ammonia tank is in a range from 1 bar to 10 bars.
3. The energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the fuel cell system is a proton exchange member (PEM) fuel cell system.
4. The energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the ammonia converter includes:
a flow controller communicating with the ammonia tank and configured to control flow of ammonia from the ammonia tank into the ammonia converter;
an ammonia cracker configured to receive ammonia from the flow controller and crack the received ammonia into a gas mixture including hydrogen and nitrogen;
a gas purifier configured to remove residual ammonia from the gas mixture that is received from the ammonia cracker; and
a buffer tank configured to stabilize the gas mixture received from the gas purifier.
5. The energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the gas purifier includes means for removing nitrogen from the gas mixture.
6. The energy storage system of claim 1 , wherein the ammonia cracker includes:
thermal heating means configured to control temperature within the ammonia cracker;
a pipe configured to conduct ammonia from the flow controller to the ammonia converter; and
a catalyst in contact with the ammonia and configured to facilitate reaction of cracking the ammonia.
7. The energy storage system of claim 1 , further comprising a power converter connected in series with the supercapacitor and configured to perform voltage conversion between voltage of the supercapacitor and voltage of the battery.
8. The energy storage system of claim 1 , further comprising an energy management unit configured to regulate one or more parameters related to at least one of the first energy storage source, the second energy storage source, and the third energy storage source.
9. An ammonia-powered electric vehicle comprising:
a first energy storage source that includes an ammonia tank configured to hold ammonia, an ammonia converter configured to convert ammonia that is received from the ammonia tank into hydrogen, a fuel cell system configured to generate output power from hydrogen that is received from the ammonia converter, and a power conditioning system configured to regulate the output power of the fuel cell system;
a motor controller configured to receive the output power of the fuel cell system and regulate the output power to generate regulated output power;
a motor configured to receive the regulated output power from the motor controller such that the ammonia-powered electric vehicle is driven by the regulated output power,
a second energy storage source, the second energy storage source including a battery connected in parallel with the power conditioning system; and
a third energy storage source, the third energy storage source including a supercapacitor, the supercapacitor being connected in parallel with the battery.
10. The ammonia-powered electric vehicle of claim 9 , further comprising:
an auxiliary device communicating with the first energy storage source, the second energy storage source, and the third energy storage source such that the auxiliary device is powered by at least one of the first energy storage source, the second energy storage source, and the third energy storage source.
11. The ammonia-powered electric vehicle of claim 10 , wherein the auxiliary device includes at least one of an air-conditioner and a fan, and the battery is configured to provide electric power to the motor controller and the auxiliary device.
12. The ammonia-powered electric vehicle of claim 10 , wherein the auxiliary device includes at least one of an air-conditioner and a fan, and the supercapacitor is configured to provide electric power to the motor controller and the auxiliary device.
13. The ammonia-powered electric vehicle of claim 9 , wherein the third energy storage source includes a power converter disposed between the supercapacitor and the motor controller and configured to regulate electric power provided by the supercapacitor to the motor controller.
14. An ammonia-powered electric vehicle comprising:
a first energy storage source that includes an ammonia tank configured to hold ammonia, an ammonia converter configured to convert ammonia that is received from the ammonia tank into hydrogen, a proton exchange member (PEM) fuel cell system configured to generate output power from hydrogen that is received from the ammonia converter, and a power conditioning system configured to regulate the output power of the PEM fuel cell system;
a motor controller configured to receive the output power from the power conditioning system and regulate the output power to generate regulated output power;
a motor configured to receive the regulated output power from the motor controller such that the ammonia-powered electric vehicle is driven by the regulated output power;
a second energy storage source including a battery configured to provide power to the motor controller; and
a third energy storage source being connected with the battery in parallel, the third energy storage source including a supercapacitor and a power converter, the power converter regulating power outputted from the supercapacitor to the motor controller.
15. The ammonia-powered electric vehicle of claim 14 , wherein at least one of the second energy storage source and the third energy storage source is configured to perform (a), or (b), or both:
(a) absorb braking energy of the ammonia-powered electric vehicle via the motor controller; and
(b) absorb energy provided by the first energy storage source.
16. The ammonia-powered electric vehicle of claim 14 , wherein the ammonia converter includes:
a flow controller configured to receive ammonia from the ammonia tank and control flow of the ammonia;
an ammonia cracker configured to crack ammonia that is received from the ammonia converter into a gas mixture including hydrogen and nitrogen;
a gas purifier configured to remove residual ammonia from the gas mixture that is received from the ammonia cracker, the gas purifier including means for removing nitrogen from the gas mixture; and
a buffer tank configured to stabilize the gas mixture received from the gas purifier.
17. The ammonia-powered electric vehicle of claim 14 , further comprising an energy management unit configured to regulate one or more parameters related to at least one of the first energy storage source, the second energy storage source, and the third energy storage source, wherein the energy management unit includes a battery management system configured to monitor operation of the battery and a supercapacitor management system configured to monitor operation of the supercapacitor.