Degradation of hexachlorocyclohexane from soil with steam activated biochar
The present subject matter relates to a steam activated biochar, a method of preparing the steam activated biochar, and a method of removing hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) from soil using the steam activated biochar.
1. A method of removing hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) from soil using a steam activated biochar, the method comprising
pyrolyzing corn stover to obtain the biochar;
drying the biochar at a drying temperature;
steam activating the biochar in an autoclave at a temperature higher than the drying temperature;
adding 6% by weight of the steam activated biochar to soil contaminated with the HCH; and
removing the HCH from the soil;
wherein the biochar acts as an oxidizing agent in the soil.
2. The steam activated biochar of claim 1 , wherein the corn stover is pyrolyzed at about 500° C.
3. The steam activated biochar of claim 1 , wherein nitrogen gas is used as a carrier gas in the pyrolysis process.
4. The steam activated biochar of claim 1 , wherein the biochar is dried by heating the biochar at about 105° C.
5. The steam activated biochar of claim 4 , wherein the biochar is heated for about 24 hours.
6. The steam activated biochar of claim 1 , wherein the biochar is steam activated in the autoclave at about 320° C.
7. The steam activated biochar of claim 6 , wherein the biochar is steam activated in the autoclave for about 2 hours.
8. The steam activated biochar of claim 1 , wherein the steam activated biochar has a porosity of 73 m 2 /gram.
9. The steam activated biochar of claim 1 , wherein a porosity of the biochar is increased from 42 m 2 /gram to 73 m 2 /gram after steam activating in the autoclave.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein a concentration of the HCH is selected from a group consisting of 0.4 mL HCH per kg soil, 0.6 mL HCH per kg soil, 0.8 mL HCH per kg soil, 1.0 mL HCH per kg soil, about 1.2 mL HCH per kg soil, and about 1.4 mL HCH per kg soil.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein a percentage of removal of HCH is selected from a group consisting of about 81% of the HCH, about 78% of the HCH, about 71% of the HCH, about 58% of the HCH, about 52% of the HCH, about 46% of the HCH, and about 32% of the HCH.
12. The method of claim 1 , further comprising mixing the steam activated biochar homogeneously into the soil.