Methods and systems for producing hypobromite by adding acid to reactants
The reaction of sodium hypochlorite with sodium bromide is slow, and commonly only part of the bromide is converted to hypobromite. Methods to accelerate the reaction by adding a regulated amount of acid to a solution comprising bleach and bromide are provided, whereby the yield of hypobromite can be increased. The amount of acid added can be predetermined based on the content of a base in the bleach, and acid can be added to neutralize the base. The amount of acid added can be based on a measured parameter of the reaction that is indicative of reaction kinetics. For example, the amount of acid can be actively controlled by measuring pH, absorbance of visible or near Ultraviolet light, or temperature of the reacting solution and adjusting acid.
1. A method for producing hypobromite comprising:
combining together bromide, hypochlorite, and acid to provide a reaction mixture, wherein the acid is included in a sufficient amount so that the reaction mixture has an initial value of log m(OH − ) that is in a range of from −1.5 to −5; and
reacting the reaction mixture to form hypobromite.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the hypochlorite is added as bleach, and wherein the bleach further includes a base.
3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising determining an amount of acid to combine in the reaction mixture based on an amount of the base that is present in the bleach.
4. The method of claim 3 , wherein the acid is included in a sufficient amount so that the reaction mixture has an initial value of log m(OH − ) that is in a range of from −2 to −4.5.
5. The method of claim 4 , wherein the amount of acid is included in a substantially equivalent amount of an amount of the base that is introduced with the bleach.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein an amount of the acid is included so that a summed vapor pressure of volatile species HOCl, HOBr, Cl 2 , Br 2 , and BrCl during the reaction does not exceed 10 −4 bar.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction mixture is reacted so that at least 70% of the bromide is converted to hypobromite.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein the reaction mixture is reacted so that at least 90% of the bromide is converted to hypobromite.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reaction mixture has an initial value of log m(OH − ) that is in a range of from −3 to −4.5.
10. The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining an amount of acid to combine in the reaction mixture based on a measured parameter that is indicative of at least one of a rate of reaction and reaction progress.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the bromide is combined in the reaction mixture as an aqueous solution of bromide salt.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein the acid is selected from at least one of sulfuric acid, carbon dioxide, and bicarbonate.
13. A method for producing hypobromite in a reactor, the method of comprising:
adding bromide, bleach, and acid to the reactor as a reaction mixture, wherein the bleach includes a base;
reacting the reaction mixture to form hypobromite in a reacted mixture;
measuring a parameter of the reaction mixture that is indicative of at least one of a rate of reaction and reaction progress; and
controlling an amount of acid that is added to the reactor based on the measured parameter and so that the pH m of the reacted mixture is in a range of from 12.18 to 9.71.
14. The method of claim 13 , wherein the measured parameter is pH, and wherein the pH m of the reacted mixture is in a range of from 11.69 to 10.22.
15. The method of claim 13 , wherein an amount of the acid is included so that the pH m of the reacted mixture is in a range of from 11.69 to 10.22.
16. The method of claim 13 , wherein the measured parameter is absorbance of the reaction mixture.
17. The method of claim 13 , wherein the measured parameter is a temperature change of the reaction mixture.
18. The method of claim 13 , wherein the measured parameter is vapor pressure of at least one volatile species.
19. The method of claim 13 , wherein the reactor includes a conduit that acts as a plug flow reactor.
20. The method of claim 13 , wherein the reactor includes a stirred reactor.