Additive manufacturing of three-dimensional objects containing a transparent material
Formulations usable in additive manufacturing such as 3D inkjet printing which provide a transparent material when hardened, are provided. The formulation are designed so as to provide transparent objects or parts thereof with improved transmittance and color properties such as yellowness index, compared to commercially available formulations. The formulations comprise a photoinitiator at a relatively low amount and designed mixture of curable materials.
1. A photocurable formulation comprising:
at least one photoinitiator in a total amount of no more than 1% by weight of the total weight of the formulation;
at least one mono-functional (meth)acrylate material featuring a molecular weight lower than 500 grams/mol, in a total amount of from 40 to 60% by weight of the total weight of the formulation, said at least one mono-functional (meth)acrylate material being selected d from non-aromatic and aromatic mono-functional (meth)acrylate material, wherein an amount of an aromatic mono-functional (meth)acrylate material is no more than 5% by weight, of a total amount of said at least one mono-functional (meth)acrylate material; and
at least one multi-functional (meth)acrylate material, in a total amount of from 40 to 60% by weight of the total weight of the formulation, wherein an average glass transition temperature Tg of said at least one multi-functional (meth)acrylate material, when hardened, is at least 24° C., and wherein each of said at least one multi-functional (meth)acrylate material features, when hardened, a glass transition temperature Tg lower than 100° C.,
wherein said at least one multi-functional (meth)acrylate material comprises:
at least one multi-functional urethane acrylate that features a molecular weight higher than 1000 grams/mol and features, when hardened, an average glass transition temperature Tg of from 30 to 60° C., in a total amount of from 15 to 40% by weight of the total weight of the formulation; and
at least one multi-functional ethoxylated (meth)acrylate material that features, when hardened, glass transition temperature Tg of from 50 to 80° C., in a total amount of from 15 to 30% by weight of the total amount of the formulation.
2. The photocurable formulation of claim 1 , comprising at least one non-aromatic mono-functional (meth)acrylate material, in an amount of from 40 to 60% by weight of the total weight of the formulation.
3. The photocurable formulation of claim 1 , wherein each of said at least one mono-functional (meth)acrylate materials features glass transition temperature Tg of from 20 to 100° C.
4. The photocurable formulation of claim 1 , wherein said at least one multi-functional urethane acrylate that features said molecular weight higher than 1000 grams/mol and features, when hardened, said average glass transition temperature Tg of from 30 to 60° C. comprises at least one multi-functional urethane acrylate that features, when hardened, glass transition temperature Tg lower than 20° C., and at least one multi-functional urethane acrylate that features, when hardened, glass transition temperature Tg higher than 20° C.
5. The photocurable formulation of claim 1 , wherein said at least one multi-functional ethoxylated (meth)acrylate material that features, when hardened, glass transition temperature Tg of from 50 to 80, ° C., comprises at least one multi-functional ethoxylated (meth)acrylate material that features a viscosity of at least 500 centipoises, and at least one multi-functional ethoxylated (meth)acrylate material that features a viscosity lower than 50 centipoises.
6. The photocurable formulation of claim 1 , wherein said at least one photoinitiator is devoid of an alpha-substituted ketone-type photoinititator.
7. The photocurable formulation of claim 1 , wherein said at least one photoinitiator comprises, or consists of, a phosphine oxide-type photoinitiator.
8. The photocurable formulation of claim 1 , usable in additive manufacturing of a three-dimensional object comprising, in at least a portion thereof, a transparent material, wherein said transparent material is characterized by at least one of:
Transmittance of at least 80%;
Yellowness Index lower than 3, or lower than 2.5;
a CIE-LAB Lightness value L* of at least 90;
a CIE-LAB a* value of at least −0.35; and
a CIE-LAB b* value of less than 2, or less than 1.5.
9. A method of additive manufacturing a three-dimensional object that comprises in at least a portion thereof a transparent material, the method comprising sequentially forming a plurality of layers in a configured pattern corresponding to the shape of the object, thereby forming the object,
wherein the formation of each of at least a few of said layers comprises dispensing at least one formulation, and exposing the dispensed formulation to a curing condition to thereby form a cured modeling material,
wherein said at least one formulation is the photocurable formulation of claim 1 .
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein the formation of each of at least a few of said layers comprises dispensing at least two formulations, and exposing the dispensed formulations to a curing condition to thereby form a cured material,
wherein at least one of said formulations is a first formulation which is said photocurable formulation of claim 1 and at least one another of said formulations is a second modeling material formulation which provides, when hardened, a transparent material, and which upon exposure to said curing condition exhibits a hardening degree that is higher than a hardening degree of said first formulation.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the formation of each of at least a few of said layers comprises dispensing at least said first and said second formulations to form a core region using the first formulation and at least one envelope region at least partially surrounding said core region using said second formulation.
12. The method of claim 9 , further comprising, prior to said formation of said layers, applying a rotational transformation of coordinates to slice data describing to the shape of the object, so as to ensure that at least one face of the object is not perpendicular to said layers.
13. The method of claim 9 , further comprising, subsequent to exposing to said curing condition, exposing the object to a condition that promotes decomposition of a residual amount of said photoinitiator (photobleaching).
14. An object comprising in at least a portion thereof a transparent material, obtainable by the method of claim 9 , wherein said transparent material is characterized by at least one of:
Transmittance of at least 80%;
Yellowness Index lower than 3, or lower than 2.5;
a CIE-LAB Lightness value L* of at least 90;
a CIE-LAB a* value of at least −0.35; and
a CIE-LAB b* value of less than 2, or less than 1.5.
15. A kit comprising a first formulation being the formulation of claim 1 and a second formulation that provides, when hardened, a transparent material, said second formulation featuring, when exposed to irradiation, a hardening rate higher than a hardening rate of said first formulation.