Apparatuses and methods for producing hydrogen from sand and water

1. A method for producing hydrogen, comprising:

introducing water and soil particles into a mechanical mill;

introducing carbon dioxide into the mechanical mill;

activating the mechanical mill to accelerate the water and the soil particles, thereby producing nanoparticles; and

producing hydrogen from a reaction between the nanoparticles and the water.

2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the soil particles comprise sand particles.

3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the soil particles comprise Sahara desert sand particles.

4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the water comprises seawater, waste water, or a combination thereof.

5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the soil particles and the water are mixed prior to introducing the soil particles and the water into the mechanical mill.

6. The method of claim 1 , further comprising introducing a hydroxide compound to mechanical mill.

7. The method of claim 1 , further comprising collecting the hydrogen from the mechanical mill.

8. The method of claim 1 , further comprising collecting the nanoparticles from the mechanical mill.

9. The method of claim 1 , wherein accelerating the water and the soil particles causes a cavitation effect, and wherein changing a flow direction of the water causes a water hammer effect.

10. A method for producing hydrogen, comprising:

providing a mechanical mill for reducing a size of particles; wherein the mechanical mill comprises:

a core for accelerating particles, the core comprising:

a first disc and a second disc facing the first disc in an axial direction;

wherein each of the first disc and the second disc comprises a plurality of concentric rings and a plurality of concentric channels alternately interleaved with the plurality of concentric rings; and

wherein the first disc, the second disc, or a combination thereof are rotated;

introducing water into the mechanical mill;

introducing soil particles into the mechanical mill; and

activating the mechanical mill to accelerate the water and the soil particles;

thereby producing nanoparticles from the soil particles and producing hydrogen from a reaction between the nanoparticles and the water.

11. The method of claim 10 , wherein each of the first disc and the second disc comprises:

a plurality of holes extending from the plurality of concentric channels and the plurality of concentric rings at an angle of between 2° and 89° with respect to the axial direction;

wherein the plurality of concentric rings of the first disc are arranged facing the plurality of concentric channels of the second disc; and

wherein the plurality of concentric rings of the second disc are arranged facing the plurality of concentric channels of the first disc.

12. The method of claim 10 , wherein each of the plurality of concentric rings comprises:

a blade base and a plurality of hypersonic blades arranged on the blade base;

wherein each of the plurality of hypersonic blades comprises a sharp leading edge, a sharp trailing edge and a suction surface and pressure surface configured to produce an expansion wave;

wherein each of the plurality of hypersonic blades of the plurality of concentric rings of the first disc are arranged in the channels of the second disc; and

wherein each of the plurality of hypersonic blades of the plurality of concentric rings of the second disc are arranged in the channels of the first disc.

13. The method of claim 10 , wherein the first disc is rotated in a first direction, and the second disc is rotated in a second direction.

14. The method of claim 10 , further comprising collecting the hydrogen from the mechanical mill.

15. The method of claim 10 , wherein accelerating the water and the soil particles causes a cavitation effect, and wherein changing a flow direction of the water causes a water hammer effect.

16. A method for producing hydrogen, comprising:

providing a mechanical mill for reducing a size of particles; wherein the mechanical mill comprises:

a core for accelerating particles, the core comprising:

a first cylinder having a radially outer surface and a radially inner surface, and a second cylinder having a radially outer surface and a radially inner surface; and

wherein the second cylinder radially surrounds the first cylinder, and the first cylinder, the second cylinder, or a combination thereof are rotated;

introducing water into the mechanical mill;

introducing soil particles into the mechanical mill;

activating the mechanical mill to accelerate the water and the soil particles;

thereby producing nanoparticles from the soil particles and producing hydrogen from a reaction between the nanoparticles and the water.

17. The method of claim 16 , wherein the first cylinder comprises a plurality of first through holes extending from the radially inner surface to the radially outer surface of the first cylinder and wherein the second cylinder comprises a plurality of second through holes extending from the radially inner surface to the radially outer surface of the second cylinder;

wherein the plurality of first through holes and the plurality of second through holes have a smaller cross-section at the radially inner surface than at the radially outer surface.

18. The method of claim 16 , wherein the first cylinder is rotated in a first direction, and the second cylinder is rotated in a second direction.

19. The method of claim 16 , wherein accelerating the water and the soil particles causes a cavitation effect, and wherein changing a flow direction of the water causes a water hammer effect.