IP Library Granted Patent US 12,338,291
Granted Patent B2
US 12,338,291 · App. 16/904,090 · Granted Jun 24, 2025

Humanized antibody molecules to CD138 and uses thereof

Inventors: Bharat Chaganty (Concord, MA); Boopathy Ramakrishnan (Braintree, MA); Hedy Adari-Hall (Sudbury, MA); Karthik Viswanathan (Acton, MA); James R. Myette (Waltham, MA); Zachary Shriver (Winchester, MA); Andrew M. Wollacott (Milton, MA)
Assignee: VISTERRA, INC.
C07K16/2896A61P35/00A61K31/69A61K2039/545C07K2317/24C07K2317/31C07K2317/35C07K2317/52C07K2317/565C07K2317/732C07K2317/734
View Patent ↗
Loading inventors, assignments & file history…
Monitor This Case
Get email alerts when status or documents change.
Order Certified Copies
Most orders are placed with the USPTO same day — all within 24 business hours.
Order via The Patent Place →
Pre-filled with this patent's details
Quick Facts
Patent No.
US 12,338,291
App. No.
16/904,090
Granted
Jun 24, 2025
Kind
B2
Abstract

Humanized antibody molecules that specifically bind to CD138 are disclosed. The humanized antibody molecules can be used to treat, prevent, and/or diagnose disorders, such as multiple myeloma.

Claims (29)

1. A monoclonal anti-CD138 antibody molecule comprising:

(a) a heavy chain variable region (VH), wherein the VH comprises three heavy chain complementarity determining regions (HCDR1, HCDR2, and HCDR3), wherein the VH comprises an HCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 380, an HCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 514, and an HCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 508; and

(b) a light chain variable region (VL), wherein the VL comprises three light chain complementarity determining regions (LCDR1, LCDR2, and LCDR3), wherein the VL comprises an LCDR1 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 510, an LCDR2 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 353, and an LCDR3 comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 354.

2. The antibody molecule of claim 1 , wherein:

(a) the VH comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 471;

(b) the VL comprises the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 475; or

(c) both (a) and (b).

3. The antibody molecule of claim 1 , comprising an Fc region.

4. The antibody molecule of claim 1 , comprising:

(a) a heavy chain (HC) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 527;

(b) a light chain (LC) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 528; or

(c) both (a) and (b).

5. The antibody molecule of claim 1 , which comprises two VHs and two VLs.

6. An antibody-molecule drug conjugate (ADC) comprising the antibody molecule of claim 1 coupled to a therapeutic agent.

7. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody molecule of claim 1 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

8. A kit comprising the antibody molecule of claim 1 and instructions for use of the antibody molecule.

9. A container comprising the antibody molecule of claim 1 .

10. The antibody molecule of claim 1 , which is a monovalent antibody molecule or a monospecific antibody molecule.

11. The antibody molecule of claim 1 , which is a humanized antibody molecule.

12. The antibody molecule of claim 1 , which is an IgG antibody.

13. The antibody molecule of claim 1 , which comprises a heavy chain constant region of an IgG chosen from IgG1, IgG2, IgG3, or IgG4.

14. The antibody molecule of claim 1 , which comprises a light chain constant region of a kappa light chain or a lambda light chain.

15. The antibody molecule of claim 1 , which comprises an Fc region comprising one or more mutations to increase the binding affinity to FcRn.

16. The antibody molecule of claim 1 , which comprises an Fc region comprising one or more mutations to increase one or more of half-life, antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity (ADCC), complement-dependent cytotoxicity (CDC), or antibody-dependent cellular phagocytosis (ADCP).

17. A monoclonal anti-CD138 antibody molecule comprising a VH comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 471 and a VL comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 475.

18. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody molecule of claim 17 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

19. A monoclonal anti-CD138 antibody molecule comprising a heavy chain (HC) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 527 and a light chain (LC) comprising the amino acid sequence of SEQ ID NO: 528.

20. A pharmaceutical composition comprising the antibody molecule of claim 19 and a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier.

21. The antibody molecule of claim 1 , which is a multivalent antibody molecule or a multispecific antibody molecule.

Assignments (1)
ASSIGNMENT OF ASSIGNOR'S INTEREST Recorded May 8, 2025
From: CHAGANTY, BHARAT; RAMAKRISHNAN, BOOPATHY; ADARI-HALL, HEDY; VISWANATHAN, KARTHIK; MYETTE, JAMES R.; SHRIVER, ZACHARY; WOLLACOTT, ANDREW M.
To: VISTERRA, INC.
Reel/Frame 071063/0402 →
Continuity (3)
Provisional Application 63035323 · Jun 5, 2020
Provisional Application 62862457 · Jun 17, 2019
Related Publication 20200392241A1 · Dec 17, 2020
References Cited (160)
US 4816567A · Cabilly et al. · 1989 [cited by applicant]
US 5223409A · Ladner et al. · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5225539A · Winter · 1993 [cited by applicant]
US 5585089A · Queen et al. · 1996 [cited by applicant]
US 5693762A · Queen et al. · 1997 [cited by applicant]
US 8840898B2 · Goldmakher · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 9221914B2 · Kraus et al. · 2015 [cited by applicant]
US 9249467B2 · Goodison et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9289509B2 · Osterroth et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9387261B2 · Kraus et al. · 2016 [cited by applicant]
US 9803021B2 · Morrison · 2017 [cited by applicant]
US 9862772B2 · Radbruch et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 9964542B2 · Goodison et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10117932B2 · Schulz et al. · 2018 [cited by applicant]
US 10662250B2 · Dukhovlinov et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 10975158B2 · Morrison · 2021 [cited by applicant]
US 11945868B2 · Chaganty et al. · 2024 [cited by applicant]
US 20030215828A1 · Mitsuhashi · 2003 [cited by examiner]
US 20060045877A1 · Goldmakher et al. · 2006 [cited by applicant]
US 20070054332A1 · Rapraeger et al. · 2007 [cited by applicant]
US 20090169570A1 · Daelken et al. · 2009 [cited by applicant]
US 20120100588A1 · Wallage · 2012 [cited by applicant]
US 20140170159A9 · Wei et al. · 2014 [cited by applicant]
US 20190100588A1 · Chaganty · 2019 [cited by examiner]
US 20200392241A1 · Chaganty et al. · 2020 [cited by applicant]
US 20220281997A1 · Qin · 2022 [cited by examiner]
US 20230348614A1 · Myette et al. · 2023 [cited by applicant]
CN 104059151A · 2014 [cited by applicant]
EP 125023A1 · 1984 [cited by applicant]
EP 171496A2 · 1986 [cited by applicant]
EP 173494A2 · 1986 [cited by applicant]
EP 184187A2 · 1986 [cited by applicant]
EP 0519596A1 · 1992 [cited by applicant]
EP 2238168B1 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
EP 2240516B1 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
EP 2427216B1 · 2012 [cited by applicant]
EP 2242772B1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
EP 2801584B1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
EP 2892926B1 · 2015 [cited by applicant]
EP 2788030B1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
GB 2188638A · 1987 [cited by applicant]
TW I501778B · 2015 [cited by applicant]
WO 8601533A1 · 1986 [cited by applicant]
WO 1987002671A1 · 1987 [cited by applicant]
WO 9002809A1 · 1990 [cited by applicant]
WO 9100906A1 · 1991 [cited by applicant]
WO 9110741A1 · 1991 [cited by applicant]
WO 9117271A1 · 1991 [cited by applicant]
WO 9201047A1 · 1992 [cited by applicant]
WO 9203917A1 · 1992 [cited by applicant]
WO 9203918A1 · 1992 [cited by applicant]
WO 9209690A2 · 1992 [cited by applicant]
WO 9215679A1 · 1992 [cited by applicant]
WO 9218619A1 · 1992 [cited by applicant]
WO 9220791A1 · 1992 [cited by applicant]
WO 9301288A1 · 1993 [cited by applicant]
WO 9404678A1 · 1994 [cited by applicant]
WO 2006099875A1 · 2006 [cited by applicant]
WO 2008047242A2 · 2008 [cited by applicant]
WO 2009080830A1 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO 2009080829A1 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO 2009080831A1 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO 2009080832A1 · 2009 [cited by applicant]
WO 2010128087A9 · 2010 [cited by applicant]
WO 2013083817A1 · 2013 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014037519A3 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014042763A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2014089354A1 · 2014 [cited by applicant]
WO 2017014679A3 · 2017 [cited by applicant]
WO 2018199176A1 · 2018 [cited by applicant]
WO 2019070726A1 · 2019 [cited by applicant]
WO 2023097254A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO 2019232449A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO 2020247932A1 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO 2020257289A2 · 2020 [cited by applicant]
WO 2020257289A3 · 2021 [cited by applicant]
Dubel (Handbook of Therapeutic Antibodies, 2007, p. 100-101) (Year: 2007). [cited by examiner]
Johnson and Wu (Methods in Molecular Biology, Antibody Engineering: Methods and Protocols, vol. 248, p. 11-25, 2004) (Year: 2004). [cited by examiner]
Harris (Biotechnology, vol. 11, p. 1293-1297, 1993) (Year: 1993). [cited by examiner]
Colman P. M. (Research in Immunology, 145:33-36, 1994) (Year: 1994). [cited by examiner]
Paul (Fundamental Immunology, 3rd Edition, 1993, pp. 292-295) (Year: 1993). [cited by examiner]
Bendig M. M. (Methods: A Companion to Methods in Enzymology, 1995; 8:83-93) (Year: 1995). [cited by examiner]
Rudikoff et al. (Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 79: 1979-1983, 1982) (Year: 1982). [cited by examiner]
Rudikoff et al. (Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences USA, vol. 79, p. 1979-1983, 1982) (Year: 1982). [cited by examiner]
Gharbaran, R. “Advances in the molecular functions of syndecan-1 (SDC1/CD138) in the pathogenesis of malignancies,” Critical Reviews in Oncology/Hematology (2015) vol. 94, pp. 1-17. [cited by applicant]
McCarthy, B. J. & Hill, A. S. “Altering the fine specificity of an anti-Legionella single chain antibody by a single amino acid insertion,” Journal of Immunological Methods (2001) vol. 251, pp. 137-149. [cited by applicant]
Lin, Y. et al. “Improved affinity of a chicken single-chain antibody to avian infectious bronchitis virus by site-directed mutagenesis of complementarity-determining region H3,” African Journal of Biotechnology (2011) v… [cited by applicant]
Lee, J. H. et al. “A Broadly Neutralizing Antibody Targets the Dynamic HIV Envelope Trimer Apex via a Long, Rigidified, and Anionic β-Hairpin Structure,” Immunity (2017) vol. 46, No. 4, pp. 690-702. [cited by applicant]
Diab, M. et al. “Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific for canine CD138 (syndecan-1) for nuclear medicine preclinical trials on spontaneous tumours,” Veterinary and Comparative Oncology vol. … [cited by applicant]
Gattei, V. et al. “Characterization of anti-CD138 monoclonal antibodies as tools for investigating the molecular polymorphism of syndecan-1 in human lymphoma cells,” British Journal of Haematology vol. 104, No. 1 (1999)… [cited by applicant]
Search Report and Written Opinion issued in Singapore Application No. 11202002248T, dated Nov. 5, 2021. [cited by applicant]
Alexander et al., “Syndecan-1 is required for Wnt-1-induced mammary tumorigenesis in mice,” Nat Genet. 2000; 25 (3): 329-32. [cited by applicant]
Anttonen et al., “High syndecan-1 expression is associated with favourable outcome in squamous cell lung carcinoma treated with radical surgery,” Lung Cancer. 2001; 32:297-305. [cited by applicant]
Birchmeier et al., “Met, metastasis, motility and more,” Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol. 2003; 4(12): 915-925. [cited by applicant]
Juuti et al., “Syndecan-1 expression—a novel prognostic marker in pancreatic cancer,” Oncology. 2005; 68(2-3): 97-106. [cited by applicant]
Kim et al., “Immunohistochemical study identifying prognostic biomolecular markers in nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated by radiotherapy,” Head Neck. 2011; 33:1458-1466. [cited by applicant]
Kiviniemi et al., “Altered expression of syndecan-1 in prostate cancer,” APMIS. 2004; 112: 89-97. [cited by applicant]
Kumar-Singh et al., “Syndecan-1 expression in malignant mesothelioma: correlation with cell differentiation, WT1 expression, and clinical outcome,” J Pathol. 1998; 186:300-305. [cited by applicant]
Raab et al., “Multiple myeloma,” Lancet. 2009; 374(9686): 324-39. [cited by applicant]
Roh et al., “Syndecan-1 expression in gallbladder cancer and its prognostic significance,” Eur Surg Res. 2008; 41(2): 245-250. [cited by applicant]
Tsanou et al., “Clinicopathological study of the expression of syndecan-1 in invasive breast carcinomas. correlation with extracellular matrix components,” J Exp Clin Cancer Res. 2004; 23(4):641-650. [cited by applicant]
Xu et al., “Syndecan-1 expression in human glioma is correlated with advanced tumor progression and poor prognosis,” Mol Biol Rep. 2012; 39(9): 8979-8985. [cited by applicant]
Zellweger et al., “Tissue microarray analysis reveals prognostic significance of syndecan-1 expression in prostate cancer,” Prostate. 2003; 55: 20-29. [cited by applicant]
Rudikoff, S. et al. “Single amino acid substitution altering antigen-binding specificity,” Proceedings of The National Academy of Sciences USA (1982) vol. 79, No. 6, pp. 1979-1983. [cited by applicant]
Gershoni, J. M. et al. “Epitope mapping—The first step in developing epitope-based vaccines,” Biodrugs (2007) vol. 21, No. 3, pp. 145-156. [cited by applicant]
Sun et al., “A Novel Anti-Human Syndecan-1(CD138) Monoclonal Antibody 4B3: Characterization and Application,” Cellular & Molecular Immunology (2007) vol. 4, No. 3, pp. 209-214. [cited by applicant]
Yu, T. et al. “An Immune Based, Anti-CD138 Targeting Antibody for the Treatment of Multiple Myeloma,” Blood—American Society of Hematology, (2018) vol. 132 (Supplement 1), pp. 1-3. [cited by applicant]
Dubel, S.—Editor, “Molecular Engineering I: Humanization,” Handbook of Therapeutic Antibodies, Chapter 6, Saldanha, J. W.—Wiley-Vch, Weinheim (2007) Ch. 6, pp. 119-144. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion in corresponding International Patent Application No. PCT/US2020/038143 dated Jan. 28, 2021. [cited by applicant]
Yu et al., “VIS832, a novel CD138-targeting monoclonal antibody, potently induces killing of human multiple myeloma and further synergizes with IMiDs or bortezomib in vitro and in vivo,” Blood Cancer Journal (2020) vol.… [cited by applicant]
Akl et al. “Molecular and clinical profiles of syndecan-1 in solid and hematological cancer for prognosis and precision medicine,” Oncotarget. 2015; 6(30):28693-28715. [cited by applicant]
Al-Otaibi et al., “Syndecan-1 (CD 138) surface expression marks cell type and differentiation in ameloblastoma, keratocystic odontogenic tumor, and dentigerous cyst,” J Oral Pathol Med. 2013; 42: 186-193. [cited by applicant]
Anttonen et al., “Syndecan-1 expression has prognostic significance in head and neck carcinoma,” Br J Cancer. 1999; 79: 558-564. [cited by applicant]
Barbareschi et al., “High syndecan-1 expression in breast carcinoma is related to an aggressive phenotype and to poorer prognosis,” Cancer. 2003; 98(3): 474-483. [cited by applicant]
Bodoor et al., “Evaluation of BCL-6, CD10, CD138 and MUM-1 expression in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma patients: CD138 is a marker of poor prognosis,” Asian Pac J Cancer Prev. 2012; 13: 3037-3046. [cited by applicant]
Cleary et al., “Antibody Distance from the Cell Membrane Regulates Antibody Effector Mechanisms,” J Immunol. 2017; 198(10): 3999-4011. [cited by applicant]
Davies et al. “Distribution and clinical significance of heparan sulfate proteoglycans in ovarian cancer,” Clin Cancer Res. 2004; 10: 5178-5186. [cited by applicant]
Derksen et al., “Cell surface proteoglycan syndecan-1 mediates hepatocyte growth factor binding and promotes Met signaling in multiple myeloma,” Blood. 2002; 99(4): 1405-1410. [cited by applicant]
Fuki et al., “The syndecan family of proteoglycans. Novel receptors mediating internalization of atherogenic lipoproteins in vitro,” J Clin Invest. 1997; 100(6):1611-1622. [cited by applicant]
Gharbaran et al., “Fibroblast growth factor-2 (FGF2) and syndecan-1 (SDC1) are potential biomarkers for putative circulating CD15+/CD30+ cells in poor outcome Hodgkin lymphoma patients,” J Hematol Oncol. 2013; 6:62. [cited by applicant]
Götte et al., “An expression signature of syndecan-1 (CD138), E-cadherin and c-met is associated with factors of angiogenesis and lymphangiogenesis in ductal breast carcinoma in situ,” Breast Cancer Res. 2007; 9(1):R8. [cited by applicant]
Hasengaowa et al., “Prognostic significance of syndecan-1 expression in human endometrial cancer,” Ann Oncol. 2005; 16:1109-1115. [cited by applicant]
Hashimoto et al. “Association of loss of epithelial syndecan-1 with stage and local metastasis of colorectal adenocarcinomas: an immunohistochemical study of clinically annotated tumors,” BMC Cancer. 2008; 8: 185. [cited by applicant]
Herbener, P. et al. “Functional relevance of in vivo half antibody exchange of an IgG4 therapeutic antibody-drug conjugate,” PLOS ONE (2018) vol. 13, No. 4, pp. 1-22. [cited by applicant]
Hose et al., “Induction of angiogenesis by normal and malignant plasma cells,” Blood. 2009; 114(1): 128-143. [cited by applicant]
Hu et al., “Syndecan-1-dependent suppression of PDK1/Akt/bad signaling by docosahexaenoic acid induces apoptosis in prostate cancer,” Neoplasia. 2010; 12(10): 826-836. [cited by applicant]
Inki et al., “Association between syndecan-1 expression and clinical outcome in squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck,” Br J Cancer. 1994; 70: 319-323. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion in International Patent Application No. PCT/US2018/053989 dated Feb. 11, 2019. [cited by applicant]
Jiang, H. et al. “Transfection of chimeric anti-CD138 gene enhances natural killer cell activation and killing of multiple myeloma cells,” Molecular Oncology (2014) vol. 8, No. 2, pp. 297-310. [cited by applicant]
Jilani et al., “Soluble syndecan-1 (sCD138) as a prognostic factor independent of mutation status in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia,” Int J Lab Hematol. 2009; 31:97-105. [cited by applicant]
Joensuu et al., “Soluble syndecan-1 and serum basic fibroblast growth factor are new prognostic factors in lung cancer,” Cancer Res. 2002; 62(18):5210-5217. [cited by applicant]
Khotskaya et al., “Syndecan-1 is required for robust growth, vascularization, and metastasis of myeloma tumors in vivo,” J Biol Chem. 2009; 284(38): 26085-26095. [cited by applicant]
Kusumoto et al., “Clinical significance of syndecan-1 and versican expression in human epithelial ovarian cancer,” Oncol Rep. 2010; 23(4): 917-25. [cited by applicant]
Kyle & Rajkumar, “Criteria for diagnosis, staging, risk stratification and response assessment of multiple myeloma,” Leukemia. 2009; 23(1): 3-9. [cited by applicant]
Ledezma et al., “Altered expression patterns of syndecan-1 and -2 predict biochemical recurrence in prostate cancer,” Asian J Androl. 2011; 13: 476-480. [cited by applicant]
Lendorf et al., “Syndecan-1 and syndecan-4 are independent indicators in breast carcinoma,” J Histochem Cytochem. 2011; 59(6): 615-629. [cited by applicant]
Lim et al., “Syndecan-1 is a potential biomarker for triple-positive breast carcinomas in Asian women with correlation to survival,” Singapore Med J. 2014; 55: 468-472. [cited by applicant]
Maeda et al., “Syndecan-1 expression by stromal fibroblasts promotes breast carcinoma growth in vivo and stimulates tumor angiogenesis,” Oncogene. 2006; 25(9): 1408-1412. [cited by applicant]
Maeda et al., “Induction of syndecan-1 expression in stromal fibroblasts promotes proliferation of human breast cancer cells,” Cancer Res. 2004; 64(2):612-621. [cited by applicant]
Mali et al., “Sequence of human syndecan indicates a novel gene family of integral membrane proteoglycans,” J Biol Chem. 1990; 265(12): 6884-6889. [cited by applicant]
Nguyen et al., “Syndecan-1 overexpression is associated with nonluminal subtypes and poor prognosis in advanced breast cancer,” Am J Clin Pathol. 2013; 140: 468-474. [cited by applicant]
Oh & Park, “Prognostic evaluation of nodal diffuse large B cell lymphoma by immunohistochemical profiles with emphasis on CD138 expression as a poor prognostic factor,” J Korean Med Sci. 2006; 21: 397-405. [cited by applicant]
Orecchia, P. et al. “A novel human anti-syndecan-1 antibody inhibits vascular maturation and tumour growth in melanoma,” European Journal of Cancer (2013) vol. 49, No. 8, pp. 2022-2033. [cited by applicant]
Saunders et al., “Molecular cloning of syndecan, an integral membrane proteoglycan,” J Cell Biol. 1989; 108(4): 1547-1556. [cited by applicant]
Seidel et al., “Serum syndecan-1: a new independent prognostic marker in multiple myeloma,” Blood. 2000; 95(2): 388-392. [cited by applicant]
Shariat et al., “Prognostic value of syndecan-1 expression in patients treated with radical prostatectomy,” BJU Int. 2008; 101:232-237. [cited by applicant]
Stanley et al., “Syndecan-1 expression is induced in the stroma of infiltrating breast carcinoma,” Am J Clin Pathol. 1999; 112(3): 377-383. [cited by applicant]
Stepp et al., “Syndecan-1 and Its Expanding List of Contacts,” Adv Wound Care (New Rochelle). 2015; 4(4):235-249. [cited by applicant]
Sun et al., “Peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma-mediated up-regulation of syndecan-1 by n-3 fatty acids promotes apoptosis of human breast cancer cells,” Cancer Res. 2008; 68(8):2912-2919. [cited by applicant]
Tassone et al., “Cytotoxic activity of the maytansinoid immunoconjugate B-B4-DM1 against CD138+ multiple myeloma cells,” Blood (2004) vol. 104(12): 3688-3696. [cited by applicant]
Teng et al. “Molecular functions of syndecan-1 in disease,” Matrix Biol. 2012; 31(1): 3-16. [cited by applicant]
Vassilakopoulos et al., “Serum levels of soluble syndecan-1 in Hodgkin's lymphoma,” Anticancer Res. 2005; 25: 4743-4746. [cited by applicant]
Vidarsson, G. et al. “IgG Subclasses and Allotypes: From Structure to Effector Functions,” Frontiers in Immunology (2014) vol. 5, No. 20, pp. 1-17. [cited by applicant]
Vihinen et al., “Structural organization and genomic sequence of mouse syndecan-1 gene,” J Biol Chem. 1993; 268 (23): 17261-17269. [cited by applicant]
Wiksten et al., “Epithelial and stromal syndecan-1 expression as predictor of outcome in patients with gastric cancer,” Int J Cancer. 2001; 95(1): 1-6. [cited by applicant]
Mariuzza, R. A. et al. “The structural basis of antigen-antibody recognition,” Annual Review of Biophysics and Biophysical Chemistry (1987) vol. 16, pp. 139-159. [cited by applicant]
International Search Report and Written Opinion in International Patent Application No. PCT/US2022/080397 dated Mar. 3, 2023. [cited by applicant]
Chen, Chun-Rong et al. “Crystal structure of a TSH receptor monoclonal antibody: insight into Graves' disease pathogenesis.” Molecular Endocrinology vol. 29,1 (2015): 99-107. [cited by applicant]
Kucharska, Iga et al. “Structural ordering of the Plasmodium berghei circumsporozoite protein repeats by inhibitory antibody 3D11.”eLife vol. 9 (2020) e59018. [cited by applicant]
Chen, D. et al. “Development and application of anti-human CD138 monoclonal antibody and recombinant bispecific antibody.” Journal of Immunology, vol. 31, No. 1 (2015): 7-11. [cited by applicant]