Sofc-conduction
A solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) system includes high thermal conductivity materials such as copper to increase thermal energy transfer by thermal conduction. The copper is protected from oxidation by nickel electroplating and protected from thermal damage by providing oxidation resistant liners inside combustion chambers.
1. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system, comprising:
an elongated SOFC stack disposed inside a hot zone cavity along an axis, wherein the elongated SOFC stack has a top end and a bottom end and wherein the top end is disposed within a top portion of the hot zone cavity;
a combustion region for combusting mixed fuel and air is disposed within the top portion of the hot zone cavity; and
a unitary thermal mass enclosing the top portion of the hot zone cavity, at least one side of the hot zone cavity, and the combustion region, the unitary thermal mass extending from the top of the hot zone cavity toward the bottom end of the SOFC stack along the axis to enclose a side of the hot zone cavity,
wherein a portion of the unitary thermal mass is:
a primary wall assembly configured to enclose a cathode chamber therein, the primary wall assembly comprising one or more inner surfaces facing the cathode chamber and one or more outer surfaces opposing the one or more inner surfaces, the primary wall assembly formed to provide one or more uninterrupted thermally conductive pathways extending between different regions of the primary wall assembly; and
the elongated SOFC stack is enclosed by the primary wall assembly and disposed within the cathode chamber;
further comprising:
an intermediate enclosure configured to enclose a primary wall assembly with a cathode manifold formed internal to the intermediate enclosure and external to the primary wall assembly, wherein at least one of the one or more outer surfaces of the primary wall assembly forms a surface of the cathode manifold;
wherein the second portion transfers heat to a cathode air flow passing through the cathode flow manifold and over the at least one of the one or more outer surfaces of the primary wall assembly by heat exchange outside of the primary enclosure.
2. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system as recited in claim 1 , further comprising at least one of the outer layer on the primary wall assembly that forms an oxide layer during operation of the SOFC stack, wherein the outer layer on the primary wall assembly forms a wall of the cathode flow manifold.
3. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC), comprising:
an elongated SOFC stack disposed inside a hot zone cavity along an axis, wherein the elongated SOFC stack has a top end and a bottom end and wherein the top end is disposed within a top portion of the hot zone cavity;
a combustion region for combusting mixed fuel and air is disposed within the top portion of the hot zone cavity; and
a unitary thermal mass enclosing the top portion of the hot zone cavity, at least one side of the hot zone cavity, and the combustion region, the unitary thermal mass extending from the top of the hot zone cavity toward the bottom end of the SOFC stack along the axis to enclose a side of the hot zone cavity,
wherein a portion of the unitary thermal mass comprises a hot zone enclosure assembly for balancing temperature in a solid oxide fuel cell (SOFC) stack, the hot zone enclosure assembly comprising:
a combustion region wall defining a top wall of the hot zone cavity and a top wall of the combustion region around the outlet end of the SOFC stack for collecting anode fuel and cathode air exiting the SOFC stack, wherein the anode fuel and the cathode air, bum and generate heat in the combustion region so that the heat is absorbed by the combustion region wall during operation of the SOFC system; and
a sidewall depending from the combustion region wall along the SOFC stack, wherein: the sidewall and the combustion region wall are formed as a unitary element; the sidewall has a distal end adjacent an inlet end of the SOFC stack; the side wall is configured as a thermally conductive pathway extending from the combustion region wall toward the distal end of the sidewall such that the absorbed heat passes by conduction toward the distal end of the sidewall; and the sidewall is configured to radiate thermal energy such that absorbed heat radiates between the sidewall and the SOFC stack to balance temperature along the SOFC stack.
4. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system as recited in claim 3 further comprising:
a second sidewall depending from the combustion region wall opposing the sidewall; a hot zone enclosure base wall coupled to the sidewall and the second sidewall; and
first and second hot zone enclosure end walls coupled to the combustion region wall, the sidewall, and the second sidewall to enclose the SOFC stack and the combustion region within the hot zone enclosure;
wherein the combustion region wall, the side wall, and the second side wall form the unitary thermal mass and wherein the combustion region is enclosed by no more than three walls comprising the unitary thermal mass.
5. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system as recited in claim 3 , wherein the combustion region wall comprises a thermally conductive core.
6. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system as recited in claim 5 , wherein the thermally conductive core-:-has a coefficient of thermal conductivity that is greater than 100 W/m° Kat a temperature of350° C.
7. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system as recited in claim 3 , the combustion region comprising a burner element disposed therein for providing a flow of fuel and air during a startup of the SOFC system, wherein the fuel and air burn and generate heat in the combustion region so that the heat is absorbed by the combustion region wall and conducted away from the combustion region during the startup of the SOFC system.
8. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system as recited in claim 3 , wherein the SOFC stack includes a first row of SOFC cells and a second row of SOFC cells separated from each other by the sidewall, the sidewall disposed between the first row and the second row.
9. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system as recited in claim 3 , wherein the SOFC stack is at least two rows of SOFC cells, wherein the sidewall comprises a first outer sidewall depending from the combustion region wall and enclosing a first of the at least two rows with the sidewall and wherein the sidewall further comprises a second outer sidewall depending from the combustion region wall and enclosing a second of the at least two rows with the sidewall, wherein the first and second outer sidewalls receive heat from the combustion region wall by thermal conduction and radiate heat to the inlet end of the SOFC stack.
10. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system as recited in claim 3 , further comprising an intermediate enclosure, wherein the hot zone enclosure assembly is disposed within the intermediate enclosure, and wherein an air gap comprising a cathode flow manifold is disposed external to the hot zone enclosure assembly and within the intermediate enclosure.
11. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system as recited in claim 10 , wherein the SOFC stack comprises at least a first row of SOFC cells and a second row of SOFC cells, the intermediate enclosure comprising a first intermediate enclosure side wall and a second intermediate enclosure side wall opposing the first intermediate enclosure side wall,
the hot zone enclosure further comprising:
a second combustion region wall and a second sidewall depending from the second combustion region wall, the second combustion region wall and second sidewall comprising a second thermal mass;
wherein the first row of SOFC cells is disposed in a first cathode chamber at least partially enclosed by the combustion region wall, the sidewall, and the first intermediate enclosure side wall;
the second row of SOFC cells is disposed in a second cathode chamber at least partially enclosed by the second combustion region wall, the second sidewall, and the second intermediate enclosure side wall; and
wherein the cathode flow manifold extends between the sidewall and the second sidewall.
12. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system as recited in claim 4 , further comprising an intermediate enclosure, wherein the hot zone enclosure assembly is disposed within the intermediate enclosure, and wherein an air gap comprising a cathode flow manifold is disposed external to the hot zone enclosure assembly and within the intermediate enclosure;
wherein the combustion region wall, the sidewall, and the second sidewall form a U-shaped primary wall enclosure and wherein the cathode flow manifold is disposed between the U-shaped primary wall enclosure and the intermediate enclosure.
13. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system as recited in claim 6 , wherein the intermediate enclosure has a coefficient of thermal conductivity that is less than 100 W/mK at a temperature of 350° C.
14. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system comprising:
an elongated SOFC stack disposed inside a hot zone cavity along an axis, wherein the elongated SOFC stack has a top end and a bottom end and wherein the top end is disposed within a top portion of the hot zone cavity;
a combustion region for combusting mixed fuel and air is disposed within the top portion of the hot zone cavity; and
the hot zone cavity further comprising a start-up combustion region disposed within the top portion of the hot zone cavity, the start-up combustion region comprising a burner element disposed between the outlet end of the SOFC stack and the unitary thermal mass,
the burner element for providing fuel for combustion during a start-up of the SOFC system, wherein the unitary thermal mass is disposed to absorb thermal energy generated by combustion of the fuel during the start-up and to conduct the thermal energy from the start-up combustion region through the unitary thermal mass to other regions of the unitary thermal mass and to radiate the thermal energy between the unitary thermal mass and the SOFC stack.
15. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system comprising:
an elongated SOFC stack disposed inside a hot zone cavity along an axis, wherein the elongated SOFC stack has an outlet end and an inlet end; and
a thermal mass receiving heat from the hot zone cavity, conducting heat from the outlet end to the inlet end along the axis, and radiating heat to the inlet end radially with respect to the axis;
wherein the hot zone cavity has a bottom end adjacent to the inlet end and a top end in which the outlet end is disposed and the thermal mass encloses the top end of the hot zone cavity and extends along the axis toward the inlet end of the SOFC stack to enclose a side of the hot zone cavity;
the thermal mass comprising a unitary thermally conductive core and an inner protective layer, wherein the inner protective layer comprises an inner surface facing the hot zone cavity and an outer surface opposing the inner surface, wherein the unitary thermally conductive core is mounted on the outer surface of the inner protective layer in thermally conductive contact with the inner protective layer,
wherein the inner protective layer is formed and disposed to receive heat from the cathode chamber at a first location and to conduct the heat to the thermally conductive core, and the thermally conductive core is formed and disposed to conduct heat from the top end to other portions of the thermal mass and to communicate thermal energy by radiation between the thermal mass and the SOFC stack.
16. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system as in claim 15 , further comprising a combustion region disposed at the outlet end, the SOFC stack and
the combustion region disposed within the hot zone cavity and enclosed by the thermal mass; the combustion region for burning fuel during a system startup and for burning a mixture
of spent cathode and anode gas during operation of the SOFC system, the combustion region comprising a burner element for providing a flow of fuel and air into the combustion region during the system startup; and
the inner protective layer formed and disposed to receive heat from the combustion region and to conduct the heat to the thermally conductive core, and the thermally conductive core formed and disposed to conduct heat from the outlet end toward the inlet end.
17. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system as in claim 15 , wherein a coefficient of thermal conductivity of the thermal mass has a value greater than a value of a coefficient of thermal conductivity of the inner protective layer at an operating temperature of the SOFC stack.
18. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system as in claim 15 , further comprising an intermediate enclosure, wherein the thermal mass comprises a hot zone enclosure assembly, the hot zone cavity disposed within the hot zone enclosure assembly, wherein the hot zone enclosure assembly is disposed within the intermediate enclosure with an air gap external to the hot zone enclosure assembly and internal to the intermediate enclosure; wherein the air gap forms a cathode air manifold for providing a flow of cathode air to the cathode chamber, wherein the thermal mass transfers thermal energy to cathode air flowing through the cathodemanifold.
19. A Solid Oxide Fuel Cell (SOFC) system as in claim 18 , the thermal mass having a coefficient of thermal conductivity having a value greater than a value of a coefficient of thermal conductivity of the intermediate enclosure at an operating temperature of the SOFC stack.