Tracer including zinc oxide quantum dots embedded in silica
A composition includes a continuous phase, a silica nanoparticle, methyl groups, and a quantum dot. The continuous phase includes ethanol or water. The silica nanoparticle has a diameter of less than 100 nanometers. The methyl groups are disposed on a surface of the silica nanoparticle. The quantum dot includes zinc oxide. The quantum dot is embedded in the silica nanoparticle.
1. A method, comprising:
dissolving zinc acetate dihydrate in ethanol to form a first solution;
mixing lithium hydroxide with the first solution to form a first mixture;
stirring the first mixture to form zinc oxide quantum dots, wherein the first mixture comprising the zinc oxide quantum dots has a potential of hydrogen (pH) in a range of from about 8 to about 9;
separating the zinc oxide quantum dots from a remaining portion of the first mixture; and
dispersing the zinc oxide quantum dots in ethanol to form a first colloidal dispersion.
2. The method of claim 1 , comprising:
mixing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide with water to form a micelle solution;
mixing the first colloidal dispersion with the micelle solution to form a second mixture;
mixing the second mixture with a solution comprising sodium hydroxide to form a third mixture;
mixing the third mixture with ethyl acetate to form a fourth mixture;
mixing the fourth mixture with tetraethylorthosilicate, dimethyldiethoxysilane, or a combination of both to form a fifth mixture; and
stirring the fifth mixture to form silica nanoparticles embedded with zinc oxide quantum dots.
3. The method of claim 2 , comprising:
separating the silica nanoparticles from a remaining portion of the fifth mixture; and
dispersing the silica nanoparticles in a continuous phase comprising ethanol or water to form a second colloidal dispersion.
4. The method of claim 2 , wherein mixing cetyltrimethylammonium bromide with water comprises dissolving the cetyltrimethylammonium bromide in water while stirring.
5. The method of claim 2 , wherein mixing the first colloidal dispersion with the micelle solution comprises mixing the first colloidal dispersion with the micelle solution while stirring, and the second mixture is stirred for about 10 minutes.
6. The method of claim 2 , wherein the solution comprising sodium hydroxide has a sodium hydroxide concentration of about 13 millimoles per liter.
7. The method of claim 2 , wherein mixing the fourth mixture with tetraethylorthosilicate, dimethyldiethoxysilane, or a combination of both comprises mixing the fourth mixture with tetraethylorthosilicate and dimethyldiethoxysilane while stirring, and the fifth mixture is stirred for about 12 hours.
8. The method of claim 7 , wherein a molar ratio of tetraethylorthosilicate to dimethyldiethoxysilane that is mixed with the fourth mixture is about 1:2.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first mixture is diluted with ethanol before the first mixture is stirred.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the first mixture is stirred for about 2 hours.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein separating the formed zinc oxide quantum dots from the remaining portion of the first mixture comprises centrifuging the first mixture.
12. A method, comprising:
obtaining a tracer fluid by the method of claim 1 , wherein the tracer fluid comprising:
a silica nanoparticle having a diameter of less than 100 nanometers;
a plurality of methyl groups disposed on a surface of the silica nanoparticle; and
a quantum dot comprising zinc oxide, the quantum dot embedded in the silica nanoparticle;
introducing the tracer fluid to a subterranean formation; and
tracking the tracer fluid within the subterranean formation.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein tracking the tracer fluid comprises measuring a luminescence of the quantum dot embedded in the silica nanoparticle while the tracer fluid is within the subterranean formation.
14. The method of claim 12 , wherein the silica nanoparticle is formed by the method of claim 2 .
15. A composition prepared by the method of claim 1 , comprising:
a continuous phase comprising ethanol or water;
a silica nanoparticle having a diameter of less than 100 nanometers;
a plurality of methyl groups disposed on a surface of the silica nanoparticle; and
a quantum dot comprising zinc oxide, the quantum dot embedded in the silica nanoparticle.
16. The composition of claim 15 , comprising a plurality of silica nanoparticles, wherein:
a plurality of methyl groups are disposed on a surface of each of the silica nanoparticles;
a quantum dot comprising zinc oxide is embedded in each of the silica nanoparticles; and
each of the silica nanoparticles have diameters in a range of from about 40 nanometers to about 60 nanometers.