High temperature industrial heat pump with novel method to make use of shallow low-GradeGeothermal energy
An illustrative heat pump system includes: a positive displacement compressor, an expander, and a recuperator. The compressor provides an sCO 2 flow with a pressure ≥15 MPa at a temperature ≥120° C. and a mass flow rate ≥4.5 kg/s to deliver between 1 and 10 MWth of power to a thermal load. The recuperator receives an outlet flow from a thermal source such as a geothermal well thermosiphon and directs it as a compressor inlet flow to the compressor and receives a return flow from the thermal load and directs it to the expander while converting at least some residual heat in the return flow into additional heat for the compressor inlet flow. The expander converts at least some pressure of the return flow into power for the compressor, producing an inlet flow to the source with a pressure no higher than 5 MPa at a temperature no higher than 20° C.
1. A system that comprises:
a positive displacement compressor to provide a flow of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2 ) with a pressure of at least 15 megapascals (MPa) at a temperature of at least 120° C. and a mass flow rate of at least 4.5 kg/s to deliver between 1 and 10 MWth of power to a thermal load;
an expander; and
a recuperator to receive a source outlet flow from a source and to direct it as a compressor inlet flow to the positive displacement compressor and to receive a return flow from the thermal load and to direct it to the expander while converting at least some residual heat in the return flow into additional heat for the compressor inlet flow,
the expander configured to convert at least some pressure of the return flow into power for the positive displacement compressor yielding an inlet flow to the source with a pressure no higher than 5 MPa at a temperature no higher than 20° C.
2. The system of claim 1 , wherein the source outlet flow has a temperature no higher than 30° C.
3. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the source comprises one or more wells each configured as a thermosiphon and each extending at least 100 m in depth.
4. The system of claim 3 , wherein each of the one or more wells extends no more than 800 m in depth.
5. The system according to claim 3 , wherein the one or more wells are each configured as a thermosiphon containing sCO 2 at a pressure between 5 MPa and 9 MPa, inclusive.
6. The system according to claim 3 , wherein each of the one or more wells configured as a thermosiphon has an up-flow tubing string that is insulated to reduce thermal loss.
7. The system according to claim 3 , wherein each of the one or more wells has perforated casing for entry of groundwater into the casing.
8. The system according to claim 3 , wherein the source comprises multiple wells coupled to a shared cold manifold and to a shared hot manifold.
9. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the positive displacement compressor comprises one or more stages, and wherein the expander is configured to power at least one of the one or more stages.
10. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the positive displacement compressor includes a screw compressor.
11. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the expander comprises a gerotor.
12. The system according to claim 1 , wherein the flow provided by the positive displacement compressor has a pressure of 18 MPa and a temperature of at least 150° C.
13. A method that comprises:
operating a positive displacement compressor to provide a flow of supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO 2 ) with a pressure of at least 18 megapascals (MPa) at a temperature of at least 150° C. and a mass flow rate of at least 4.5 kg/s to a thermal load, the positive displacement compressor drawing a compressor inlet flow from a recuperator, the recuperator in turn receiving an outlet flow from a source, the source outlet flow having a pressure no higher than 5 MPa and a temperature no higher than 30° C.;
with the recuperator, converting at least some residual heat in a return flow into additional heat for the compressor inlet flow, the return flow passing from the thermal load through the recuperator to an expander; and
with the expander, converting at least some pressure of the return flow into power for the positive displacement compressor, the expander producing an inlet flow to the source with a pressure no higher than 5 MPa at a temperature no higher than 20° C.
14. The method according to any of claim 13 , wherein the source comprises a heat exchanger that receives heat from at least one of: a geothermal source, a solar thermal source, an aqua-thermal source, and a waste heat source.
15. The method according to claim 13 , wherein the source comprises one or more wells each configured as a coaxial tube-in-tube arrangement or a side-by-side U-tube arrangement and each extending at least 100 m in depth.
16. The method according to any of claim 15 , further comprising using a hot manifold to collect up flow from multiple wells and a cold manifold to distribute downflow to the multiple wells.
17. The method according to any of claim 16 , further comprising using an internal element to convey flow from the hot manifold through a heat exchanger to the cold manifold.
18. The method according to claim 15 , wherein at least one of the multiple wells includes an up-flow tube that is insulated to reduce thermal loss.
19. The method according to claim 13 , wherein the positive displacement compressor comprises one or more stages, and wherein the method comprises driving at least one of the one or more stages with the power from the expander.
20. The method according to claim 13 , wherein the positive displacement compressor includes a screw compressor.