Enhanced immune effector cells and use thereof
Provided are methods and compositions for obtaining functionally enhanced derivative effector cells obtained from directed differentiation of genomically engineered iPSCs. The derivative cells provided herein have stable and functional genome editing that delivers improved or enhanced therapeutic effects. Also provided are therapeutic compositions and the used thereof comprising the functionally enhanced derivative effector cells alone, or with antibodies or checkpoint inhibitors in combination therapies.
1. A cell or a population thereof, wherein
(i) the cell comprises a polynucleotide encoding an IL15/IL15Rα fusion protein without an intracellular domain (IL15A);
(ii) the fusion protein comprises a human IL 15 and a transmembrane domain; and
(iii) the cell is a derivative NK cell obtained from differentiating a human induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC), wherein the iPSC from which the derivative NK cell is differentiated comprises the polynucleotide.
2. The cell or population thereof of claim 1 , wherein the derivative NK cell population comprises longer telomeres in comparison to native counterpart cells obtained from peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, or any other donor tissues.
3. The cell or population thereof of claim 1 , wherein the derivative NK cell further comprises one or more of:
(i) HLA-I deficiency;
(ii) HLA-II deficiency;
(iii) introduced expression of HLA-G or non-cleavable HLA-G;
(iv) an exogenous CD16, or a variant thereof;
(v) a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR),
(vi) a partial or full peptide of a cell surface expressed exogenous cytokine or a receptor thereof;
(vii) deletion or reduced expression in at least one of CD38, B2M, TAP1, TAP2, Tapasin, NLRC5, PD1, LAG3, TIM3, RFXANK, CIITA, RFX5, RFXAP, or any gene in the chromosome 6p21 region; or
(viii) introduced or increased expression in at least one of HLA-E, 41BBL, CD3, CD4, CD8, CD16, CD47, CD113, CD131, CD137, CD80, PDL1, A2AR, CAR, TCR, Fc receptor, an engager, or surface triggering receptor for coupling with bi- or multi-specific or universal engagers.
4. The cell or population thereof of claim 3 , wherein the derivative NK cell further comprises an exogenous CD16 or a variant thereof.
5. The cell or population thereof of claim 4 , wherein the exogenous CD16 or variant thereof comprises at least one of:
(a) F176V and S197P in ectodomain domain of CD16;
(b) a full or partial ectodomain originated from CD64;
(c) a non-native transmembrane domain;
(d) a non-native intracellular domain;
(e) a non-native signaling domain;
(f) a non-native stimulatory domain;
(g) transmembrane, signaling, and stimulatory domains that are not originated from CD16, and are originated from a same or different polypeptide; or
(h) a high affinity non-cleavable CD16 (hnCD16) or a variant thereof.
6. The cell or population thereof of claim 5 , wherein
(a) the non-native transmembrane domain is derived from CD3D, CD3E, CD3G, CD3ζ, CD4, CD8, CD8a, CD8b, CD27, CD28, CD40, CD84, CD166, 4-1BB, OX40, ICOS, ICAM-1, CTLA-4, PD-1, LAG-3, 2B4, BTLA, CD16, IL7, IL12, IL15, KIR2DL4, KIR2DS1, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, NKG2C, NKG2D, or T cell receptor (TCR) polypeptide;
(b) the non-native stimulatory domain is derived from CD27, CD28, 4-1BB, OX40, ICOS, PD-1, LAG-3, 2B4, BTLA, DAP10, DAP12, CTLA-4, or NKG2D polypeptide;
(c) the non-native signaling domain is derived from CD3ζ, 2B4, DAP10, DAP12, DNAM1, CD137 (41BB), IL21, IL7, IL12, IL15, NKp30, NKp44, NKp46, NKG2C, or NKG2D polypeptide; or
(d) the non-native transmembrane domain is derived from NKG2D, the non-native stimulatory domain is derived from 2B4, and the non-native signaling domain is derived from CD3ζ.
7. The cell or population thereof of claim 3 , wherein the derivative NK cell further comprises a chimeric antigen receptor (CAR), and wherein the CAR is:
(i) NK cell specific;
(ii) bi-specific antigen binding CAR;
(iii) a switchable CAR;
(iv) a dimerized CAR;
(v) a split CAR;
(vi) a multi-chain CAR;
(vii) an inducible CAR;
(viii) co-expressed with another CAR;
(ix) co-expressed with a partial or full peptide of a cell surface expressed exogenous cytokine or a receptor thereof, optionally in separate constructs or in a bi-cistronic construct;
(xi) co-expressed with a checkpoint inhibitor, optionally in separate constructs or in a bi-cistronic construct;
(xii) specific to CD19 or BCMA; and/or
(xiii) specific to any one of ADGRE2, carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), CCR1, CCR4, carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA), CD3, CD5, CD7, CD8, CD10, CD20, CD22, CD30, CD33, CD34, CD38, CD41, CD44, CD44V6, CD49f, CD56, CD70, CD74, CD99, CD123, CD133, CD138, CDS, CLEC12A, an antigen of a cytomegalovirus (CMV) infected cell, epithelial glycoprotein2 (EGP 2), epithelial glycoprotein-40 (EGP-40), epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM), EGFRvIII, receptor tyrosine-protein kinases erb-B2,3,4, EGFIR, EGFR-VIII, ERBB folate-binding protein (FBP), fetal acetylcholine receptor (AchR), folate receptor-a, Ganglioside G2 (GD2), Ganglioside G3 (GD3), human Epidermal Growth Factor Receptor 2 (HER-2), human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT), ICAM-1, Integrin B7, Interleukin-13 receptor subunit alpha-2 (IL-13Rα2), κ-light chain, kinase insert domain receptor (KDR), Lewis A (CA19.9), Lewis Y (LeY), L1 cell adhesion molecule (L1-CAM), LILRB2, melanoma antigen family A 1 (MAGE-A1), MICA/B, Mucin 1 (Muc-1), Mucin 16 (Muc-16), Mesothelin (MSLN), NKCSI, NKG2D ligands, c-Met, cancer-testis antigen NY-ESO-1, oncofetal antigen (h5T4), PRAME, prostate stem cell antigen (PSCA), PRAME prostate-specific membrane antigen (PSMA), tumor-associated glycoprotein 72 (TAG-72), TIM-3, TRBCI, TRBC2, vascular endothelial growth factor R2 (VEGF-R2), Wilms tumor protein (WT-1), or a pathogen antigen.
8. The cell or population thereof of claim 3 , wherein the derivative NK cell comprises a partial or full peptide of a cell surface expressed exogenous cytokine or a receptor thereof, wherein the exogenous cytokine or a receptor thereof:
(a) comprises at least one of IL2, IL4, IL6, IL7, IL9, IL10, IL11, IL12, IL18, IL21, or a receptor thereof; or
(b) comprises at least one of:
(i) a fusion protein of IL15 and IL15Rβ;
(ii) a fusion protein of IL15 and common receptor γC, wherein the common receptor γC is native or modified; or
(iii) a homodimer of IL15Rβ;
and optionally,
(c) is transiently expressed.
9. The cell or population thereof of claim 3 , wherein the derivative NK cell is capable of recruiting, and/or migrating T cells to tumor sites, and wherein the derivative NK cell is capable of reducing tumor immunosuppression in the presence of one or more checkpoint inhibitors.
10. The cell or population thereof of claim 9 , wherein the one or more checkpoint inhibitors are antagonists to one or more checkpoint molecules comprising PD-1, PDL-1, TIM-3, TIGIT, LAG-3, CTLA-4, 2B4, 4-1BB, 4-1BBL, A2aR, BATE, BTLA, CD39, CD47, CD73, CD94, CD96, CD160, CD200, CD200R, CD274, CEACAM1, CSF-1R, Foxp1, GARP, HVEM, IDO, EDO, TDO, LAIR-1, MICA/B, NR4A2, MAFB, OCT-2, Rara (retinoic acid receptor alpha), TLR3, VISTA, NKG2A/HLA-E, or inhibitory KIR.
11. The cell or population thereof of claim 10 , wherein the one or more checkpoint inhibitors comprise:
(a) one or more of atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, ipilimumab, IPH4102, IPH43, IPH33, lirimumab, monalizumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, or their derivatives or functional equivalents; or
(b) at least one of atezolizumab, nivolumab, or pembrolizumab.
12. The cell or population thereof of claim 1 , wherein the derivative NK cell has at least one of the following characteristics comprising:
(i) improved persistency and/or survival;
(ii) increased resistance to native immune cells;
(iii) increased cytotoxicity;
(iv) improved tumor penetration;
(v) enhanced or acquired antibody-dependent cell-mediated cytotoxicity;
(vi) enhanced ability in migrating, and/or activating or recruiting bystander immune cells, to tumor sites;
(vii) enhanced ability to reduce tumor immunosuppression;
(viii) improved ability in rescuing tumor antigen escape; or
(ix) reduced fratricide,
in comparison to its native counterpart cell obtained from peripheral blood, umbilical cord blood, or any other donor tissues.
13. The cell or population thereof of claim 1 , wherein:
(i) the derivative NK cell comprises one or more exogenous polynucleotides integrated in one safe harbor locus; or
(ii) the derivative NK cell comprises more than two exogenous polynucleotides integrated in different safe harbor loci.
14. The cell or population thereof of claim 13 , wherein the safe harbor locus comprises at least one of AAVS1, CCR5, ROSA26, collagen, HTRP, H11, beta-2 microglobulin, GAPDH, TCR or RUNX1.
15. The cell or population thereof of claim 14 , wherein the safe harbor locus TCR is a constant region of TCR alpha.
16. A composition comprising the cell or population thereof of claim 1 .
17. A method of using the composition of claim 16 , the method comprising introducing the composition to a subject suitable for adoptive cell therapy, wherein the subject has an autoimmune disorder; a hematological malignancy; a solid tumor; cancer; or a virus infection.
18. A composition for therapeutic use comprising the derivative NK cell of claim 1 , and one or more therapeutic agents.
19. The composition of claim 18 , wherein the one or more therapeutic agents comprise a peptide, a cytokine, a checkpoint inhibitor, a mitogen, a growth factor, a small RNA, a dsRNA (double stranded RNA), mononuclear blood cells, feeder cells, feeder cell components or replacement factors thereof, a vector comprising one or more polynucleic acids of interest, an antibody, a chemotherapeutic agent or a radioactive moiety, or an immunomodulatory drug (ImiD).
20. The composition of claim 19 , wherein
(1) the checkpoint inhibitor comprises:
(a) one or more antagonists to checkpoint molecules comprising PD-1, PDL-1, TIM-3, TIGIT, LAG-3, CTLA-4, 2B4, 4-1BB, 4-1BBL, A2aR, BATE, BTLA, CD39, CD47, CD73, CD94, CD96, CD160, CD200, CD200R, CD274, CEACAM1, CSF-1R, Foxp1, GARP, HVEM, IDO, EDO, TDO, LAIR-1, MICA/B, NR4A2, MAFB, OCT-2, Rara (retinoic acid receptor alpha), TLR3, VISTA, NKG2A/HLA-E, or inhibitory KIR;
(b) one or more of atezolizumab, avelumab, durvalumab, ipilimumab, IPH4102, IPH43, IPH33, lirimumab, monalizumab, nivolumab, pembrolizumab, or their derivatives or functional equivalents; or
(c) at least one of atezolizumab, nivolumab, or pembrolizumab; or
(2) the one or more therapeutic agents comprise one or more of venetoclax, azacitidine, or pomalidomide.
21. The composition of claim 19 , wherein the antibody:
(a) comprises an anti-CD20, anti-HER2, anti-CD52, anti-EGFR, anti-CD123, anti-GD2, anti-PDL1, and/or anti-CD38 antibody;
(b) comprises one or more of rituximab, veltuzumab, ofatumumab, ublituximab, ocaratuzumab, obinutuzumab, trastuzumab, pertuzumab, alemtuzumab, certuximab, dinutuximab, avelumab, daratumumab, isatuximab, MOR202, 7G3, CSL362, elotuzumab, or their humanized or Fc modified variants or fragments or their functional equivalents or biosimilars;
(c) comprises daratumumab, and wherein the derivative NK cell comprises a CD38 knockout, and optionally an expression of hnCD16 or a variant thereof, or
(d) is a checkpoint inhibitor.
22. A method of manufacturing the derivative NK cell of claim 1 comprising differentiating the human iPSC into the derivative NK cell.
23. The method of manufacturing the derivative NK cell of claim 22 , further comprising genomically engineering a clonal human iPSC to knock in the polynucleotide encoding the IL15/IL15Rα fusion protein without the intracellular domain (IL15Δ).
24. The method of manufacturing the derivative NK cell of claim 23 , wherein the genomically engineering comprises targeted editing.
25. The method of manufacturing the derivative NK cell of claim 24 , wherein the targeted editing comprises deletion, insertion, or in/del, and wherein the targeted editing is carried out by CRISPR, ZFN, TALEN, homing nuclease, or homology recombination.
26. The cell or population thereof of claim 1 , wherein the fusion protein comprises the amino acid sequence of any one of SEQ ID NOs: 17, 19, or 21.