Powder for use in the negative electrode of a battery and a battery comprising such a powder
A powder for use in a negative electrode of a battery, said powder comprising particles, wherein the particles comprise a carbonaceous matrix material and silicon-based domains dispersed in the carbonaceous matrix material, wherein the particles further comprise pores wherein at least 1000 cross-sections of pores comprised in a cross-section of the powder satisfy optimized conditions of size and size distribution, allowing the battery containing such a powder to achieve a superior cycle life and a production method of such a powder.
1. A powder for use in a negative electrode of a battery, the powder comprising particles wherein the particles comprise a carbonaceous matrix material, silicon-based domains dispersed in the carbonaceous matrix material and pores, wherein when a cross-section of the powder is performed, the powder is crossed by a plane, which plane also crosses the particles making up the powder, which includes the plane crossing the carbonaceous matrix material, the silicon-based domains dispersed in the carbonaceous matrix material, and the pores of the particles, resulting in cross-sections of the particles, cross-sections of the silicon-based domains and cross-sections of the pores in the particles, wherein:
each cross-section of the pores in the particles has a maximum Feret diameter (xFmax), a minimum Feret diameter (xFmin), and an area,
the cross-sections of the pores in the particles have a number-based pore size distribution of maximum Feret diameters with a d50 value and a d95 value, wherein d95≤150 nm, the ratio d95/d50≤3.0 and d50≥26 nm; and
each particle cross-section has an area,
wherein the xFmax, the xFmin, and the areas of the cross-sections of the pores in the particles are measured by image analysis of the cross-section of the powder, wherein at least 1000 discrete cross-sections of the pores in the particles are present and analyzed in the cross-section of the powder,
wherein said powder has a silicon content C expressed in weight percent (wt %),
wherein 3×10 -4 xC≤F≤4×10 -3 xC, with F=Sp/Sc, Sp being a sum of the areas of the at least 1000 discrete cross-sections of the pores in the particles and Sc being a sum of the areas of the cross-sections of the particles, Sc and Sp being measured on the same image of the powder cross-section.
2. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein the silicon content C is 10 wt %≤C≤60 wt %.
3. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein the cross-sections of the pores in the particles have a ratio xFmax/xFmin, wherein an average value of the ratios xFmax/xFmin of the cross-sections of the pores in the particles is at most 2.0.
4. The powder according to claim 3 , wherein the average value of the ratios xFmax/xFmin of the cross-sections of the pores in the particles is at most 1.5.
5. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein d95≤90 nm.
6. The powder according to claim 1 , comprising at least 90% by weight of said particles.
7. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein the silicon-based domains have a chemical composition having at least 65% by weight of silicon.
8. The powder according to claim 1 , having an oxygen content D, expressed in weight percent (wt %), wherein D≤0.15 C.
9. The powder according to claim 1 , having a BET surface area which is at most 15 m 2 /g.
10. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein said particles have a volume-based particle size distribution with a d10 between 0.1 μm and 10 μm, a d50 between 2 and 20 μm, and a d90 between 3 and 30 μm.
11. The powder according to claim 1 , wherein the carbonaceous matrix material is a product of the thermal decomposition of at least one compound selected from the group consisting of: polyvinyl alcohol (PVA), polyvinyl chloride (PVC), sucrose, coal-tar pitch, petroleum pitch, lignin, and a resin.
12. A battery having a negative electrode, wherein the negative electrode comprises the powder according to claim 1 .