Li recovery processes and onsite chemical production for li recovery processes
In this disclosure, a process of recycling acid, base and the salt reagents required in the Li recovery process is introduced. A membrane electrolysis cell which incorporates an oxygen depolarized cathode is implemented to generate the required chemicals onsite. The system can utilize a portion of the salar brine or other lithium-containing brine or solid waste to generate hydrochloric or sulfuric acid, sodium hydroxide and carbonate salts. Simultaneous generation of acid and base allows for taking advantage of both chemicals during the conventional Li recovery from brines and mineral rocks. The desalinated water can also be used for the washing steps on the recovery process or returned into the evaporation ponds. The method also can be used for the direct conversion of lithium salts to the high value LiOH product. The method does not produce any solid effluent which makes it easy-to-adopt for use in existing industrial Li recovery plants.
1. A process for recovering Li from a Li source comprising Li 2 CO 3 , the process comprising the steps of:
mixing the Li source comprising Li 2 CO 3 with an acid to obtain a salt-containing solution;
receiving, in a membrane electrolysis cell, the salt-containing solution and a gas comprising O 2 ; and
delivering, from the membrane electrolysis cell, recovered Li and/or reagent materials used in the process for recovering Li,
wherein the membrane electrolysis cell comprises:
an inlet through which the salt-containing solution is received into an interior of the membrane electrolysis cell;
an anode positioned to extend within the interior of the membrane electrolysis cell and positioned in an anode compartment;
a cathode comprising a gas diffusion electrode positioned to extend within the interior of the membrane electrolysis cell and positioned in a cathode compartment, the gas diffusion electrode including a diffusion layer configured to diffuse the gas comprising O 2 and a catalyst layer disposed on a surface of the diffusion layer, the catalyst layer having a hydrophilicity greater than that of the diffusion layer and the catalyst layer being configured to transport negative ions;
a gas inlet positioned in the cathode compartment through which the gas comprising O 2 is introduced into contact with the gas diffusion electrode;
a first ion exchange membrane interposed between the anode compartment and the catalyst layer of the gas diffusion electrode, the first ion exchange membrane being configured to exchange ions received from the anode to an opposed surface of the first ion exchange membrane; and
at least one outlet through which recovered Li and/or reagent materials used in the process for recovering Li is removed from the interior of the membrane electrolysis cell;
wherein in performing the process:
the gas comprising O 2 is reduced at the cathode to form OH − ions;
the salt-containing solution comprising lithium ions and negative salt ions is received into the anode compartment;
the lithium ions are exchanged through the first ion exchange membrane to the opposed surface of the first ion exchange membrane; and
the lithium ions and the OH − ions together form the recovered Li.
2. The process of claim 1 , wherein in the mixing step the acid is HCl and the salt-containing solution comprises LiCl.
3. The process of claim 2 , wherein in the delivering step the recovered Li comprises LiOH and the reagent materials used in the process for recovering Li comprise HCl.
4. The process of claim 3 , further comprising recycling the HCl from the delivering step to the mixing step.
5. The process of claim 1 , wherein in the mixing step the acid is H 2 SO 4 and the salt-containing solution comprises Li 2 SO 4 .
6. The process of claim 5 , wherein in the delivering step the recovered Li comprises LiOH and the reagent materials used in the process for recovering Li comprise H 2 SO 4 .
7. The process of claim 6 , further comprising recycling the H 2 SO 4 from the delivering step to the mixing step.
8. The process of claim 1 , wherein the membrane electrolysis cell further comprises:
a second ion exchange membrane, the second ion exchange membrane being disposed on the catalyst layer of the gas diffusion electrode and being configured to exchange ions received from the catalyst layer of the gas diffusion electrode to an opposed surface of the second ion exchange membrane; wherein the first and second ion exchange membranes define a base build up compartment interposed between the cathode compartment and the anode compartment;
wherein in performing the process:
the OH − ions are exchanged through the second ion exchange membrane to the opposed surface of the second ion exchange membrane into the base build up compartment; and
the OH − ions and the lithium ions in the base build up compartment together form the recovered Li.
9. A process for recovering Li from a Li source comprising Li 2 CO 3 , the process comprising the steps of:
mixing the Li source comprising Li 2 CO 3 with an acid to obtain a salt-containing solution;
receiving, in a membrane electrolysis cell, the salt-containing solution and a gas comprising O 2 ;
delivering, from the membrane electrolysis cell, recovered Li and/or reagent materials comprising an acid; and
recycling the reagent materials from the delivering step to the mixing step,
wherein the membrane electrolysis cell comprises:
an inlet through which the salt-containing solution is received into an interior of the membrane electrolysis cell;
an anode positioned to extend within the interior of the membrane electrolysis cell and positioned in an anode compartment;
a cathode comprising a gas diffusion electrode positioned to extend within the interior of the membrane electrolysis cell and positioned in a cathode compartment, the gas diffusion electrode including a diffusion layer configured to diffuse the gas comprising O 2 and a catalyst layer disposed on a surface of the diffusion layer, the catalyst layer having a hydrophilicity greater than that of the diffusion layer and the catalyst layer being configured to transport negative ions;
a gas inlet positioned in the cathode compartment through which the gas comprising O 2 is introduced into contact with the gas diffusion electrode;
a first ion exchange membrane interposed between the anode compartment and the catalyst layer of the gas diffusion electrode, the first ion exchange membrane being configured to exchange ions to an opposed surface of the first ion exchange membrane;
a second ion exchange membrane, the second ion exchange membrane being disposed on the catalyst layer of the gas diffusion electrode and being configured to exchange ions received from the catalyst layer of the gas diffusion electrode to an opposed surface of the second ion exchange membrane, wherein the first and second ion exchange membranes define a base build up compartment interposed between the cathode compartment and the anode compartment;
a third ion exchange membrane, the third ion exchange membrane being interposed between the first ion exchange membrane and the anode compartment, wherein the first and third ion exchange membranes define a salt depletion compartment interposed between the anode compartment and the base build up compartment, the third ion exchange membrane being configured to exchange ions received from the salt depletion compartment to an opposed surface of the third ion exchange membrane; and
at least one outlet through which recovered Li and/or reagent materials comprising an acid is removed from the interior of the membrane electrolysis cell;
wherein in performing the process:
the gas comprising O 2 is reduced at the cathode to form OH − ions;
the OH − ions are exchanged through the second ion exchange membrane to the opposed surface of the second ion exchange membrane into the base build up compartment;
the salt-containing solution comprising lithium ions and negative salt ions is received into the salt depletion compartment;
the lithium ions are exchanged through the first ion exchange membrane to the opposed surface of the first ion exchange membrane into the base build up compartment;
the lithium ions and the OH − ions in the base build up compartment together form the recovered Li; and
the negative salt ions are exchanged from the salt depletion compartment to the opposed surface of the third ion exchange membrane.
10. The process of claim 9 , wherein the membrane electrolysis cell further comprises:
a fourth ion exchange membrane, the fourth ion exchange membrane being interposed between the third ion exchange membrane and the anode compartment, wherein the third and the fourth ion exchange membranes define an acid build up compartment interposed between the anode compartment and the salt depletion compartment, the fourth ion exchange membrane being configured to exchange ions received from the anode compartment to an opposed surface of the fourth ion exchange membrane and into the acid build up compartment;
wherein in performing the process:
H + ions are formed in the anode compartment and the H + ions are exchanged from the anode compartment to the opposed surface of the fourth ion exchange membrane into the acid build up compartment; and
the H + ions and the negative salt ions in the acid build up compartment together form the reagent materials comprising an acid.
11. The process of claim 9 , wherein the acid is H 2 SO 4 , the salt-containing solution comprises Li 2 SO 4 , the recovered Li comprises LiOH, and the reagent materials comprising an acid comprises H 2 SO 4 .
12. The process of claim 9 , wherein the acid is HCl, the salt-containing solution comprises LiCl, the recovered Li comprises LiOH, and the reagent materials comprising an acid comprises HCl.
13. A process for recovering Li from a Li source comprising Li 2 CO 3 , the process comprising the steps of:
mixing the Li source comprising Li 2 CO 3 with an acid to obtain a salt-containing solution;
receiving, in a membrane electrolysis cell, the salt-containing solution and a gas comprising O 2 ; and
delivering, from the membrane electrolysis cell, recovered Li and/or reagent materials used in the process for recovering Li,
wherein the membrane electrolysis cell comprises:
an inlet through which the salt-containing solution is received into an interior of the membrane electrolysis cell;
an anode positioned to extend within the interior of the membrane electrolysis cell and positioned in an anode compartment;
a cathode comprising a gas diffusion electrode positioned to extend within the interior of the membrane electrolysis cell and positioned in a cathode compartment, the gas diffusion electrode including a diffusion layer configured to diffuse the gas comprising O 2 and a catalyst layer disposed on a surface of the diffusion layer, the catalyst layer having a hydrophilicity greater than that of the diffusion layer and the catalyst layer being configured to transport negative ions;
a gas inlet positioned in the cathode compartment through which the gas comprising O 2 is introduced into contact with the gas diffusion electrode;
a first ion exchange membrane interposed between the anode compartment and the catalyst layer of the gas diffusion electrode, the first ion exchange membrane being configured to exchange ions to an opposed surface of the first ion exchange membrane;
a second ion exchange membrane, the second ion exchange membrane being disposed on the catalyst layer of the gas diffusion electrode and being configured to exchange ions received from the catalyst layer of the gas diffusion electrode to an opposed surface of the second ion exchange membrane, wherein the first and second ion exchange membranes define a base build up compartment interposed between the cathode compartment and the anode compartment;
a third ion exchange membrane, the third ion exchange membrane being interposed between the first ion exchange membrane and the anode compartment, wherein the first and third ion exchange membranes define a salt depletion compartment interposed between the anode compartment and the base build up compartment, the third ion exchange membrane being configured to exchange ions received from the salt depletion compartment to an opposed surface of the third ion exchange membrane; and
at least one outlet through which recovered Li and/or reagent materials used in the process for recovering Li is removed from the interior of the membrane electrolysis cell;
wherein in performing the process:
the gas comprising O 2 is reduced at the cathode to form OH − ions;
the OH − ions are exchanged through the second ion exchange membrane to the opposed surface of the second ion exchange membrane into the base build up compartment;
the salt-containing solution comprising lithium ions and negative salt ions is received into the salt depletion compartment;
the lithium ions are exchanged through the first ion exchange membrane to the opposed surface of the first ion exchange membrane into the base build up compartment;
the lithium ions and the OH − ions in the base build up compartment together form the recovered Li; and
the negative salt ions are exchanged from the salt depletion compartment to the opposed surface of the third ion exchange membrane.
14. The process of claim 13 , wherein the membrane electrolysis cell further comprises:
a fourth ion exchange membrane, the fourth ion exchange membrane being interposed between the third ion exchange membrane and the anode compartment, wherein the third and the fourth ion exchange membranes define an acid build up compartment interposed between the anode compartment and the salt depletion compartment, the fourth ion exchange membrane being configured to exchange ions received from the anode compartment to an opposed surface of the fourth ion exchange membrane and into the acid build up compartment;
wherein in performing the process:
H + ions are formed in the anode compartment and the H + ions are exchanged from the anode compartment to the opposed surface of the fourth ion exchange membrane into the acid build up compartment; and
the H + ions and the negative salt ions in the acid build up compartment together form the reagent materials used in the process for recovering Li.
15. The process of claim 13 , wherein in the mixing step the acid is HCl and the salt-containing solution comprises LiCl.
16. The process of claim 15 , wherein in the delivering step the recovered Li comprises LiOH and the reagent materials used in the process for recovering Li comprise HCl.
17. The process of claim 16 , further comprising recycling the HCl from the delivering step to the mixing step.
18. The process of claim 13 , wherein in the mixing step the acid is H 2 SO 4 and the salt-containing solution comprises Li 2 SO 4 .
19. The process of claim 18 , wherein in the delivering step the recovered Li comprises LiOH and the reagent materials used in the process for recovering Li comprise H 2 SO 4 .
20. The process of claim 19 , further comprising recycling the H 2 SO 4 from the delivering step to the mixing step.