Composite separator including fire suppression layer containing ceramic material and cyclophosphazene and electrochemical cell including the same
A separator for an electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions includes a microporous layer and one or more fire suppression layers disposed on at least one of a first side or an opposite second side of the microporous layer. The one or more fire suppression layers include a ceramic material having interconnected open pores and a cyclophosphazene disposed within the interconnected open pores of the ceramic material.
1. A separator for an electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions, the separator comprising:
a microporous layer having a first side and an opposite second side; and
one or more fire suppression layers disposed on at least one of the first side or the second side of the microporous layer, the one or more fire suppression layers comprising: (i) ceramic material particles, with each of the ceramic material particles being porous and having interconnected open pores, and (ii) individual cyclophosphazene molecules disposed within the interconnected open pores of the ceramic material particles,
wherein the interconnected open pores of the ceramic material particles are sized to receive the individual cyclophosphazene molecules.
2. The separator of claim 1 , wherein the individual cyclophosphazene molecules comprise organophosphorus compounds represented by the chemical formula:
wherein X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , and X 6 are each individually a halide, alkoxy group, aryloxy group, or an amino group.
3. The separator of claim 1 , wherein the individual cyclophosphazene molecules comprise phenoxycyclophosphazene.
4. The separator of claim 1 , wherein the individual cyclophosphazene molecules have molecular diameters of greater than or equal to 0.5 nanometers and less than or equal to 2 nanometers.
5. The separator of claim 1 , wherein the ceramic material particles comprise particles of alumina, silica, a dehydrated zeolite, or a combination thereof.
6. The separator of claim 1 , wherein the interconnected open pores of the ceramic material particles have pore diameters of greater than or equal to about 0.2 nanometers to less than or equal to about 2 nanometers.
7. The separator of claim 1 , wherein the ceramic material particles comprise particles of mordenite, and wherein the interconnected open pores of the ceramic material particles have pore diameters of greater than or equal to about 2.6 Angstroms to less than or equal to about 7 Angstroms.
8. The separator of claim 1 , wherein the ceramic material particles have a mean particle diameter of greater than or equal to about 50 nanometers to less than or equal to about 5 micrometers.
9. The separator of claim 1 , wherein the microporous layer comprises a polyolefin.
10. The separator of claim 1 ,
wherein each of the one or more fire suppression layers has a thickness of greater than or equal to about 100 nanometers to less than or equal to about 20 micrometers,
wherein the ceramic material particles constitute, by mass, greater than or equal to about 20% to less than or equal to about 99% of the one or more fire suppression layers, and
wherein the cyclophosphazene molecules constitute, by mass, greater than or equal to about 1% to less than or equal to about 80% of the one or more fire suppression layers.
11. An electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions, the electrochemical cell comprising:
a negative electrode;
a positive electrode spaced apart from the negative electrode, the positive electrode including a transition metal oxide that can undergo a reversible intercalation of lithium ions;
a composite separator sandwiched between the negative electrode and the positive electrode, the composite separator being porous and comprising:
a microporous layer having a first side and an opposite second side, and
one or more fire suppression layers disposed on at least one of the first side or the second side of the microporous layer, the one or more fire suppression layers comprising: (i) ceramic material particles, with each of the ceramic material particles being porous and having a interconnected open pores, and (ii) individual cyclophosphazene molecules disposed within the interconnected open pores of the ceramic material particles,
wherein the interconnected open pores of the ceramic material particles are sized to receive the individual cyclophosphazene molecules.
12. The electrochemical cell of claim 11 , wherein the individual cyclophosphazene molecules comprise organophosphorus compounds represented by the chemical formula:
wherein X 1 , X 2 , X 3 , X 4 , X 5 , and X 6 are each individually a halide, an alkoxy group, or an amino group.
13. The electrochemical cell of claim 11 , wherein the individual cyclophosphazene molecules comprise phenoxycyclophosphazene.
14. The electrochemical cell of claim 11 , wherein the ceramic material particles comprise particles of alumina, silica, a dehydrated zeolite, or a combination thereof.
15. The electrochemical cell of claim 11 , wherein the microporous layer comprises a polyolefin.
16. The electrochemical cell of claim 11 , further comprising:
a liquid electrolyte comprising a lithium salt dissolved in a nonaqueous organic solvent, the liquid electrolyte infiltrating the pores of the composite separator and establishing a lithium-ion transport path between the negative electrode and the positive electrode,
wherein the ceramic material particles are disposed on at least one of the first side or the second side of the microporous layer such that interstitial voids exist between at least some of the ceramic material particles, and wherein the interstitial voids are infiltrated with the liquid electrolyte.
17. The electrochemical cell of claim 16 ,
wherein the cyclophosphazene molecules exhibit a solubility of, by mass, less than or equal to about 1% in the nonaqueous organic solvent.
18. A method of manufacturing a composite separator for an electrochemical cell that cycles lithium ions, the method comprising:
introducing cyclophosphazene molecules into interconnected open pores of ceramic material particles by immersing the ceramic material particles in a solution comprising the cyclophosphazene molecules and an organic solvent, the interconnected open pores of the ceramic material particles being sized to receive the cyclophosphazene molecules; and
depositing the ceramic material particles on at least one of a first side or an opposite second side of a microporous layer comprising a polyolefin.
19. The method of claim 18 , wherein the cyclophosphazene molecules comprise phenoxycyclophosphazene and the ceramic material particles comprises lithium ion exchanged zeolite particles having pore diameters of greater than or equal to 2.6 Angstroms and less than or equal to 7 Angstroms.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein the ceramic material particles are deposited on at least one of the first side or the second side of the microporous layer prior to introducing the cyclophosphazene molecules into the interconnected open pores of the ceramic material particles, and wherein introducing the cyclophosphazene molecules into the interconnected open pores of the ceramic material particles comprises immersing the ceramic material particles and the microporous layer in the solution.