Desalination method
A desalination system and method for controlling the desalination system include thin-filmed photocatalyst coated glass tubes which perform a photocatalytic cleaning reaction to remove contaminants. A first flow control valve directs the contaminant-free feed water either to a feed water heater for pre-heating or to a geothermal energy-based heat exchanger. A second flow control valve directs a first portion of the pre-heated contaminant-free feed water to a thermal energy storage tank and a second portion to a flash chamber for steam generation. A condenser connected to the flash chamber includes a nano-fluid cooling coil that condenses steam into potable water.
1. A desalination method, comprising:
removing contaminants from a feed water by pumping, by a feed pump fluidly connected to a feed tank, the feed water through a plurality of thin-filmed photocatalyst coated glass tubes;
measuring, by a light sensor, an intensity of solar radiation falling upon a feed water heater;
when the intensity of the solar radiation is equal to or above a threshold intensity,
in a first mode of a first flow control valve connected to an outlet of the thin-filmed photocatalyst coated glass tubes,
directing the contaminant-free feed water to the feed water heater;
pre-heating, by the feed water heater, the contaminant-free clean water;
directing, by a second flow control valve, a first portion of the pre-heated contaminant-free feed water into a thermal energy storage tank and a second portion of the pre-heated contaminant-free feed water into a flash chamber,
when the intensity of the solar radiation is below the threshold intensity,
in a second mode of the first flow control valve,
directing the contaminant-free feed water through a geothermal energy based heat exchanger,
pre-heating the contaminant-free feed water in the geothermal energy based heat exchanger,
directing the pre-heated contaminant-free feed water into the thermal energy storage tank, and injecting the pre-heated contaminant-free feed water into the flash chamber;
generating, within the flash chamber, steam by flash heating the pre-heated contaminant-free feed water;
condensing, within a condenser connected to the flash chamber, wherein the condenser includes a nano-fluid cooling coil, the steam into potable water; and
collecting the potable water in a distillate collection tank located beneath the condenser,
wherein the thin-filmed photocatalyst coated glass tubes comprise a photocatalyst thin film present as substantially equal-area continuous quarter sections extending along the length of the glass tubes with four quarter sections equally spaced on the interior of the glass tubes, and
wherein the photocatalyst thin film comprises a titanium dioxide thin film onto which copper metal islands are dispersed, wherein the copper metal islands are in the form of metal particulates projecting from the surface of the titanium dioxide thin film, and wherein the copper metal islands are present in a weight ratio to the titanium dioxide of from 0.01 to 1:10 to 1000.
2. The desalination method of claim 1 , wherein the threshold intensity is about 5,000 lux.
3. The desalination method of claim 1 , further comprising:
when the intensity of the solar radiation is below the threshold intensity, illuminating, by an electric powered ultraviolet (UV) light source, the thin-filmed photocatalyst coated glass tubes.
4. The desalination method of claim 1 , further comprising:
powering the feed pump by a first photovoltaic (PV) panel including a storage battery;
powering an electric powered UV light source by a second photovoltaic (PV) panel including a storage battery;
powering the nanofluid pump by a third photovoltaic (PV) panel including a storage battery; and
powering the vacuum pump by a fourth photovoltaic (PV) panel including a storage battery.
5. The desalination method of claim 1 , further comprising:
receiving, by a microprocessor including electrical circuitry, a memory storing program instructions and at least one processor, light intensity measurements from the light sensor;
executing, by the processor, the program instructions to control the feed pump, the first flow control valve, the second flow control valve, the nanofluid pump, the vacuum pump, a switch of an electric powered ultraviolet (UV) light source and a heating element located within interior walls of the flash chamber based on the light intensity measurements from the light sensor.
6. The desalination method of claim 1 , further comprising:
pre-heating the contaminant-free feed water in the geothermal energy based heat exchanger by pumping the contaminant-free feed water through a plurality of connected pipes buried within an underground layer and exchanging the thermal energy with the underground layer.
7. The method of claim 3 , wherein the electric powered UV light source is an extended tube-like fixture present proximal to or on the exterior of the thin-filmed photocatalyst coated glass tubes having a length substantially the same as the length of the thin-filmed photocatalyst coated glass tubes.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the flash chamber comprises an inlet port connected to the second flow control valve and the thermal energy storage tank, wherein the inlet port is configured with a plurality of spray nozzles, wherein the spray nozzles are configured to introduce the pre-heated contaminant-free feed water into the flash chamber in the form of fine droplets or a spray pattern.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of thin-filmed photocatalyst coated glass tubes are configured to catalyze a photocatalytic cleaning reaction which removes contaminants from the feed water;
wherein the first flow control valve has a first mode in which the contaminant-free feed water is fluidly directed towards the feed water heater which is configured to pre-heat the contaminant-free clean water and a second mode in which the contaminant-free feed water is fluidly directed into the geothermal energy based heat exchanger;
wherein the second flow control valve is configured to fluidly direct a first portion of the pre-heated contaminant-free feed water into the thermal energy storage tank and a second portion of the pre-heated contaminant-free feed water into the flash chamber, wherein the flash chamber is configured to generate steam by flash heating the pre-heated contaminant-free feed water.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein
a nanofluid pump is fluidly connected to a first end of the nano-fluid cooling coil, and
wherein a cold nanofluid tank is fluidly connected between a second end of the nano-fluid cooling coil and the nanofluid pump, wherein the nanofluid pump is configured to pump a cold nanofluid from the cold nanofluid tank through the nano-fluid cooling coil to condense the steam into potable water.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein the cold nanofluid comprises a nanofluid comprising nanoparticles selected from the group consisting of zinc oxide, aluminum oxide, titanium dioxide, and boron nitride.
12. The method of claim 10 , wherein
a vacuum pump is connected to the condenser, wherein the vacuum pump is configured to remove excess air from the condenser.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein
an electric powered ultraviolet (UV) light source is configured to illuminate the thin-filmed photocatalyst coated glass tubes during hours of the day and the night when there is insufficient sunlight to generate the photocatalytic cleaning reaction.
14. The method of claim 13 ,
wherein the contaminant-free water is passed, during the second mode of operation of the first flow control valve, through a geothermal energy based heat exchanger, wherein the geothermal energy based heat exchanger is configured to pre-heat the contaminant-free feed water by thermal energy exchange with an underground layer,
wherein the feed pump is configured to pump the pre-heated contaminant-free feed water to the thermal energy storage tank,
wherein the thermal energy storage tank is configured to release the pre-heated contaminant-free water to the flash chamber.
15. The method of claim 14 , wherein
a first photovoltaic (PV) panel including a storage battery is operatively connected to the feed pump,
wherein a second photovoltaic (PV) panel including a storage battery is operatively connected to the electric powered UV light source,
wherein a third photovoltaic (PV) panel including a storage battery is operatively connected to the nanofluid pump, and
wherein a fourth photovoltaic (PV) panel including a storage battery is operatively connected to the vacuum pump.
16. The method of claim 15 , wherein the flash chamber includes an inlet port configured with a plurality of spray nozzles, a heating element located within interior walls of the flash chamber, a steam outlet port and a brine outlet port, wherein the inlet port is connected to second flow control valve and to the thermal energy storage tank, the steam outlet port is connected to the condenser and the brine outlet port is connected to a brine collection tank.
17. The method of claim 1 , wherein
an absorber plate is connected to the feed water heater, and
a solar energy concentrator is configured to direct sunlight towards the absorber plate during the first mode.
18. The method of claim 9 , wherein
a brine collection tank is located beneath the flash chamber, wherein the brine collection tank is configured to store a brine water by-product released by the pre-heated contaminant-free feed water during conversion to steam.