Electrophoretic particle film having reduced diffraction in an open state
A switchable light modulating device with an electrophoretic medium disposed between a first light-transmissive electrode layer and a second electrode layer. The device includes one or more apodization structures in a bottom of a cell that contains the electrophoretic fluid, and the apodization structures reduce optical interference when the cell is in an open state and the structure is viewed with reflected or transmitted light passing through the apodization structure.
1. An electrophoretic cell comprising:
a light transmissive substrate;
a first, light-transmissive electrode layer adjacent the light transmissive substrate;
a cell having walls and a bottom including a light transmissive apodization structure, the walls and bottom creating a volume;
a second electrode layer, wherein the cell is disposed between the first, light-transmissive electrode layer and the second electrode layer;
an electrophoretic medium including a solvent and a first set of charged pigment particles disposed in the volume of the cell; and
a bottom substrate, wherein the apodization structure comprises a plurality of serrations, and grooves there between, that define a plurality of capture volumes for the charged pigment particles.
2. The electrophoretic cell of claim 1 , further comprising an optically clear adhesive layer.
3. The electrophoretic cell of claim 1 , wherein the first set of charged pigment particles are black.
4. Electrophoretic cell of claim 1 , wherein the bottom of the cell is light-transmissive.
5. The electrophoretic cell of claim 4 , wherein the second electrode layer is light-transmissive.
6. The electrophoretic cell of claim 1 , wherein the walls are substantially light absorbing.
7. The electrophoretic cell of claim 1 , wherein the apodization structure defines a peripheral area of a cavity.
8. The electrophoretic cell of claim 7 , wherein the apodization structure contacts a wall of the cell.
9. The electrophoretic cell of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of serrations and grooves are tapered.
10. The electrophoretic cell of claim 1 , wherein the plurality of serrations form serrated edges adjacent to protrusions or wells and have the appearance of saw teeth.
11. The electrophoretic cell of claim 10 wherein the protrusions or wells have curvature and the serrations are arranged radially.
12. The electrophoretic cell of claim 1 , wherein the length of the serrations (in a plane parallel to the light transmissive substrate) is proportional to the width of the apodization structure, and the length of the serrations is between from ½ to 1/32 of the width of the apodization structure.
13. The electrophoretic cell of claim 12 , wherein the length of the serrations is between from ¼ to 1/25 of the width of the apodization structure.
14. The electrophoretic cell of claim 13 , wherein the length of the serrations is between from ⅙ to 1/20 of the width of the apodization structure.
15. The electrophoretic cell of claim 1 , wherein the apodization structure includes between 20 and 500 serrations.
16. The electrophoretic cell of claim 15 , wherein the apodization structure includes between from 40 to 250 serrations.
17. The electrophoretic cell of claim 16 , wherein the apodization structure includes between from 55 to 180 serrations.
18. The electrophoretic cell of claim 1 , wherein the grooves are polygonal and tapered.
19. The electrophoretic cell of claim 1 , wherein the cell is between 5 μm and 5000 μm in height.
20. The electrophoretic cell of claim 1 , wherein the bottom of the cell is peaked so that the distance between the bottom and the first light-transmissive electrode layer in the middle of the cell is smaller than the distance between the bottom and the first light-transmissive electrode layer at an edge between the wall and the bottom of the cell.
21. A light shutter, a light attenuator, a variable light transmittance sheet, a variable light absorptance sheet, a variable light reflectance sheet, a one-way mirror, a sunvisor, a skylight, a display, or a digital sign including the electrophoretic cell of claim 1 .
22. An electrophoretic cell comprising:
a light transmissive substrate;
a first, light-transmissive electrode layer adjacent the light transmissive substrate;
a cell having walls and a bottom including a light transmissive apodization structure, the walls and bottom creating a volume;
a second electrode layer, wherein the cell is disposed between the first, light-transmissive electrode layer and the second electrode layer;
an electrophoretic medium including a solvent and a first set of charged pigment particles disposed in the volume of the cell; and
a bottom substrate, wherein the apodization structure comprises a plurality of floor thicknesses that define different optical densities when the charged pigment particles are attracted to the bottom electrode layer.
23. The electrophoretic cell of claim 22 , wherein the first set of charged pigment particles are black.
24. Electrophoretic cell of claim 22 , wherein the bottom of the cell is light-transmissive.