Controlling a cascaded multilevel converter
A cascaded multilevel converter is disclosed. The converter comprises a plurality of modules coupled together to form a branch, each of the modules comprising a switching circuit and a DC link for supplying a DC voltage to the switching circuit. The converter further comprises a controller for controlling the switching circuit of each module to generate an AC voltage in the branch, wherein the controller is configured to: determine, for each module, a voltage across a capacitor of the DC link of the module; determine, for each module, a reference power value for charging the capacitor of the DC link of the module to a reference voltage value for the module; determine, from the reference power values of the modules, a common reference AC current value for AC current in the branch; and determine, from the common reference AC current value, a common reference AC voltage value for an AC voltage in the branch.
1 . A cascaded multilevel converter comprising a plurality of modules coupled together to form a branch, each of the plurality of modules comprising a switching circuit and a DC link for supplying a DC voltage to the switching circuit, and a controller for controlling the switching circuit of each of the plurality of modules to generate an AC voltage in the branch, wherein the controller is configured to:
determine, for each of the plurality of modules, a voltage across a capacitor of the DC link of the module;
determine, for each of the plurality of modules, a reference power value for charging the capacitor of the DC link of the module to a reference voltage value for the module;
determine, from the reference power values of the plurality of modules, a common reference AC current value for AC current in the branch;
determine, from the common reference AC current value, a common reference AC voltage value for an AC voltage in the branch;
determine, for each of the plurality of modules, a reference AC voltage value using the common reference AC voltage value and the reference power value for the module; and
generate a pulse width modulation signal for controlling the switching circuit of each of the plurality of modules based on the reference AC voltage value for the module and the voltage across the capacitor of the module,
wherein the reference power value for each of the plurality of modules is determined based on a difference between squared values of the voltage across the capacitor of the DC link of the module and the reference voltage value for the module.
2 . A cascaded multilevel converter as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the reference voltage value for each of the plurality of modules is a predetermined value stored in memory in the controller.
3 . A cascaded multilevel converter as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the controller comprises a reference current control device configured to receive the reference power values for the plurality of modules and determine the common reference AC current value.
4 . A cascaded multilevel converter as claimed in claim 2 , wherein the controller comprises a reference current control device configured to receive the reference power values for the plurality of modules and determine the common reference AC current value.
5 . A cascaded multilevel converter as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the controller comprises a reference current control device configured to receive the reference power values for the plurality of modules and determine the common reference AC current value.
6 . A cascaded multilevel converter as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the controller comprises a plurality of switching circuit control devices each configured to receive the reference AC voltage value of one of the plurality of modules and control the switching circuit of that module.
7 . A cascaded multilevel converter as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the controller is configured to:
control the switching circuit of each of the plurality of modules in accordance with an initial mode of operation,
determine power demands of the plurality of modules,
determine whether each of the plurality of modules has a power demand of a same sign, and
control the switching circuit of each of the plurality of modules when each of the plurality of modules has a power demand of a same sign.
8 . A cascaded multilevel converter as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the controller is further configured to compare the voltage of at least one of the plurality of modules to a threshold voltage, and, in response to the voltage of the module being higher or lower than the threshold voltage, configure the module to form a path for an AC voltage in the branch that bypasses the DC link of the module.
9 . A cascaded multilevel converter as claimed in claim 8 , wherein the module further comprises a relay operable by the controller to bypass the switching circuit of the module, wherein configuring the module to form a path for an AC voltage in the branch that bypasses the DC link of the module comprises configuring the relay to bypass the switching circuit of the module.
10 . A cascaded multilevel converter as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the switching circuit of each of the plurality of modules is configured as an H-bridge.
11 . A cascaded multilevel converter as claimed in claim 1 , comprising a plurality of further modules coupled together to form a further branch, each of the plurality of further modules comprising a switching circuit and a DC link for supplying a DC voltage to the switching circuit, and a controller for controlling the switching circuit of each further module to generate an AC voltage in the further branch, wherein the further branch is arranged in parallel to the branch.
12 . A cascaded multilevel converter as claimed in claim 11 , wherein the branch and the further branch have the same number of modules.
13 . A cascaded multilevel converter as claimed in claim 1 , wherein the reference power value for each of the plurality of modules is determined using a digital filter.
14 . A cascaded multilevel converter as claimed in claim 13 , wherein the controller is configured to compare the reference power value to a threshold power value and implement an anti-windup operation when the reference power value exceeds the threshold power value.
15 . A method of controlling a cascaded multilevel converter comprising a plurality of modules coupled together to form a branch, each of the plurality of modules comprising a switching circuit and a DC link for supplying a DC voltage to the switching circuit, and the method comprising:
determining, for each of the plurality of modules, a voltage across a capacitor of the DC link of the module;
determining, for each of the plurality of modules, a reference power value for charging the capacitor of the DC link of the module to a reference voltage value for the module;
determining, from the reference power values of the plurality of modules, a common reference AC current value for AC current in the branch;
determining, from the common reference AC current value, a common reference AC voltage value for an AC voltage in the branch;
determining, for each of the plurality of modules, a reference AC voltage value using the common reference AC voltage value and the reference power value for the module; and
generating a pulse width modulation signal for controlling the switching circuit of each of the plurality of modules based on the reference AC voltage value for the module and the voltage across the capacitor of the module,
wherein the reference power value for each of the plurality of modules is determined based on a difference between squared values of the voltage across the capacitor of the DC link of the module and the reference voltage value for the module.
16 . A controller for controlling a cascaded multilevel converter to generate an AC voltage in an output branch, wherein the cascaded multilevel converter comprises a plurality of modules, and the controller is configured to:
determine, for each of the plurality of modules of the cascaded multilevel converter, a voltage across a capacitor of a DC link of each of the plurality of modules;
determine, for each of the plurality of modules, a reference power value for charging a capacitor of the DC link of the module to a reference voltage value for the module;
determine, from the reference power values of the plurality of modules, a common reference AC current value for AC current in the output branch;
determine, from the common reference AC current value, a common reference AC voltage value for an AC voltage in the output branch;
determine, for each of the plurality of modules, a reference AC voltage value using the common reference AC voltage value and the reference power value for the module; and
generate a pulse width modulation signal for controlling a switching circuit of each of the plurality of modules based on the reference AC voltage value for the module and the voltage across the capacitor of the module,
wherein the reference power value for each of the plurality of modules is determined based on a difference between squared values of the voltage across the capacitor of the DC link of the module and the reference voltage value for the module.