Anti-icing, de-icing, and heating configuration, integration, and power methods for aircraft, aerodynamic, and complex surfaces
Anti-icing methods and aerodynamic structures having laminated resistive heaters for de-icing are described. Several of the inventive aspects utilize laminated resistive heaters comprising a carbon nanotube layer and/or capacitors to store and supply electricity. The invention also includes methods of making aerodynamic structures having de-icing or anti-icing functionality.
1 . An airfoil comprising a capacitor comprising a CNT resistive heater layer, a layer comprising a carbon composite or metal surface, and a dielectric layer disposed between the CNT resistive layer and the carbon composite or metal surface;
and further comprising a first electrical lead connected to the CNT resistive heater layer, and a second electrical lead connected to the layer comprising a carbon composite or metal surface; and
wherein the carbon composite or metal surface forms a structural component of the airfoil.
2 . A method of storing charge in the airfoil of claim 1 , comprising:
providing the capacitor comprising the CNT resistive heater layer, the layer comprising a carbon composite or metal surface, and the dielectric layer disposed between the CNT resistive layer and the carbon composite or metal surface;
wherein the carbon composite or metal surface forms a structural component of the airfoil; and
applying a potential between the CNT resistive layer and the carbon composite or metal surface.
3 . The method of claim 2 wherein the carbon composite or metal surface comprises a wing.
4 . The method of claim 2 further comprising using one charged resistive heating panel to power another resistive heating panel.
5 . A method of providing power to the CNT resistive heater layer of claim 1 comprising: charging and then discharging current from the carbon composite or metal surface.
6 . The method of claim 5 wherein the capacitor is powered from excess enging power and then discharged to provide a pulse of power to the CNT resistive heater layer.
7 . The airfoil of claim 1 comprising an power source connected to the first and second electrical leads.
8 . The airfoil of claim 7 comprising a circuit that comprises at least one switch and the power source; wherein the second electrical lead is disposed between the power source and the layer comprising a carbon composite or metal surface.
9 . The airfoil of claim 8 wherein the carbon composite or metal surface comprises a wing.
10 . A method for an anti-icing, de-icing, and/or a heating system for aircraft wings and forward facing aerodynamic surfaces, comprising a first heated section near the central stagnation zone of the aerodynamic surface, and at least one upper and one lower heater section in areas aft of the central heater, wherein power supplied to the central heated section is continuously applied, and wherein power supplied to the at least one upper and one lower heater section is intermittently applied from charge stored in a capacitor; and
wherein the capacitor comprises a layer comprising a carbon composite or metal surface, and a dielectric layer disposed between the CNT resistive layer and the carbon composite or metal surface;
wherein the carbon composite or metal surface forms a structural component of the airfoil.
11 . The method of claim 10 wherein the at least one upper and lower heater section in areas aft of the central heater shed runback icing after the formation of an ice sheet.
12 . The method of claim 10 wherein the heater sections comprise CNT-containing resistive heaters.