Reducing the required capacitance of an ultracapacitor (UC) in hybrid energy storage systems (HESS) utilizing optimal controllers
A control system and a method for controlling a direct current (DC) link voltage of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS) includes a fractional-order proportional integral (FOPI) controller receives a voltage difference between the DC link voltage and a predetermined reference voltage and generate a reference charging current based on the voltage difference, a hysteresis controller receives a current difference between the reference charging current and a charging current of the HESS and generate a control signal based on the current difference, and a logic circuit receives the control signal and manage charging and discharging procedures of the HESS based on the control signal, so that the DC link voltage of the HESS is constant at the predetermined reference voltage, where the FOPI controller has parameters based on a metaheuristic technique.
1 . A control system for controlling a direct current (DC) link voltage of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), the control system comprising:
a fractional-order proportional integral (FOPI) controller configured to receive a voltage difference between the DC link voltage and a predetermined reference voltage and generate a reference charging current based on the voltage difference;
a hysteresis controller configured to receive a current difference between the reference charging current and a charging current of the HESS and generate a control signal based on the current difference; and
a logic circuit configured to receive the control signal and manage charging and discharging procedures of the HESS based on the control signal, so that the DC link voltage of the HESS is maintained to be constant at the predetermined reference voltage,
wherein the FOPI controller is configured with parameters set based on a metaheuristic technique.
2 . The control system of claim 1 , wherein the logic circuit is configured to manage the charging and discharging procedures of the HESS by controlling a duty cycle of a bidirectional DC-DC converter of the HESS.
3 . The control system of claim 2 , wherein the bidirectional DC-DC converter is connected between a DC link of the HESS corresponding to the DC link voltage and a storage battery of the HESS.
4 . The control system of claim 3 , wherein the charging current of the HESS is a battery current of the storage battery of the HESS.
5 . The control system of claim 3 , wherein an ultra-capacitor of the HESS is directly connected to the DC link of the HESS.
6 . The control system of claim 1 , wherein the metaheuristic technique includes gorilla troop optimization (GTO).
7 . The control system of claim 6 , wherein the configured parameters of the FOPI controller are set by generating multiple sets of preliminary parameters of the FOPI controller based on the GTO, obtaining multiple results from a cost function each corresponding to a respective set of preliminary parameters of the FOPI controller, and selecting one of the multiple sets of preliminary parameters as the configured parameters of the FOPI controller based on the multiple results of the cost function.
8 . The control system of claim 7 , wherein the result corresponding to the configured parameters is lowest among the multiple results from the cost function.
9 . The control system of claim 7 , wherein the obtaining the multiple results from the cost function includes:
for each set of preliminary parameters of the FOPI controller, generating a respective DC link voltage; and
for each DC link voltage, calculating an integral square error of the respective DC link voltage relative to the predetermined reference voltage.
10 . The control system of claim 9 , wherein the generating the respective DC link voltage includes measuring the respective DC link voltage over a predetermined period of time, and the calculating the integral square error of the respective DC link voltage relative to the predetermined reference voltage includes calculating the integral square error of the respective DC link voltage relative to the predetermined reference voltage over the predetermined period of time.
11 . A method of controlling a direct current (DC) link voltage of a hybrid energy storage system (HESS), the method comprising:
receiving, by a fractional-order proportional integral (FOPI) controller, a voltage difference between the DC link voltage and a predetermined reference voltage;
generating, by the FOPI controller, a reference charging current based on the voltage difference;
receiving, by a hysteresis controller, a current difference between the reference charging current and a charging current of the HESS;
generating, by the hysteresis controller, a control signal based on the current difference;
receiving, by a logic circuit, the control signal; and
managing, by the logic circuit, charging and discharging procedures of the HESS based on the control signal, so that the DC link voltage of the HESS is maintained to be constant at the predetermined reference voltage,
wherein the FOPI controller is configured with parameters set based on a metaheuristic technique.
12 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the managing the charging and discharging procedures of the HESS includes controlling, by the logic circuit, a duty cycle of a bidirectional DC-DC converter of the HESS.
13 . The method of claim 12 , wherein the bidirectional DC-DC converter is connected between a DC link of the HESS corresponding to the DC link voltage and a storage battery of the HESS.
14 . The method of claim 13 , wherein the charging current of the HESS is a battery current of the storage battery of the HESS.
15 . The method of claim 13 , wherein an ultra-capacitor of the HESS is directly connected to the DC link of the HESS.
16 . The method of claim 11 , wherein the metaheuristic technique includes gorilla troop optimization (GTO).
17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein the configured parameters of the FOPI controller are set by generating multiple sets of preliminary parameters of the FOPI controller based on the GTO, obtaining multiple results from a cost function each corresponding to a respective set of preliminary parameters of the FOPI controller, and selecting one of the multiple sets of preliminary parameters as the configured parameters of the FOPI controller based on the multiple results of the cost function.
18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the result corresponding to the configured parameters is lowest among the multiple results from the cost function.
19 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the obtaining the multiple results from the cost function includes:
for each set of preliminary parameters of the FOPI controller, generating a respective DC link voltage; and
for each DC link voltage, calculating an integral square error of the respective DC link voltage relative to the predetermined reference voltage.
20 . The method of claim 19 , wherein the generating the respective DC link voltage includes measuring the respective DC link voltage over a predetermined period of time, and the calculating the integral square error of the respective DC link voltage relative to the predetermined reference voltage includes calculating the integral square error of the respective DC link voltage relative to the predetermined reference voltage over the predetermined period of time.