Coated metal oxide materials and method, process, and apparatus for making the same
Coated metal oxide materials, methods, process, and apparatus for making the same are disclosed herein. In some embodiments, a method for making a coated metal oxide in a closed-loop continuous hydrothermal process includes mixing a first metal-containing solution and a first high energy component to facilitate formation of a metal oxide. The method can further include mixing an additional solution forming a coating on the metal oxide. In some embodiments, a process of making a coating metal oxide in a closed-loop system includes mixing a first metal-containing solution and a first high energy component to facilitate formation of a metal oxide, and forming a coating on the metal oxide, where the process occurs in one or more reactors.
1 . A method for making a coated metal oxide, comprising:
mixing a first metal-containing solution and a first supercritical fluid to facilitate formation of a metal oxide,
wherein the metal oxide is formed in a closed-loop continuous hydrothermal process;
forming a coating in the closed-loop continuous hydrothermal process by mixing an additional solution to facilitate formation of a coating on the metal oxide, or forming the coating by depositing one or more atomic layers on a surface of the metal oxide using a first metal-containing compound and an oxidizing gas, wherein the coating comprises at least one of a metal, a polymer, or a conductive material;
separating the metal oxide or coated metal oxide formed from a waste fluid, where the waste fluid contains unreacted components from the first metal-containing solution and the first supercritical fluid; and
extracting one or more metals from the waste fluid, wherein the one or metals comprise lithium wherein the first metal-containing solution and the first supercritical fluid are recycled in the closed-loop hydrothermal process prior to the separation of the metal oxide or coated metal oxide from the waste fluid.
2 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
recycling the post-extracted waste fluid to facilitate formation of additional metal oxide or coated metal oxide.
3 . The method of claim 1 , where the first supercritical fluid comprises at least one of water, a metal-containing compound, a pH controlling agent, a chelating agent, a complexing agent, or a ligating agent.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the first metal-containing solution comprises a second metal-containing compound.
5 . The method of claim 1 , where the first metal-containing solution further comprises at least one of water, a pH controlling agent, a chelating agent, a complexing agent, or a ligating agent.
6 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
mixing a second metal-containing solution with the first metal-containing solution and the first supercritical fluid, where the second metal-containing solution has at least one metal that is different from the first metal-containing solution or includes a material that forms a coating on the metal oxide.
7 . The method of claim 4 , further comprising:
mixing a second supercritical fluid with the first metal-containing solution and first supercritical fluid, where the second supercritical fluid has at least one metal that is different from the first metal-containing solution or includes a material that forms a coating on the metal oxide.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein forming the coating comprises:
depositing the one or more atomic layers on a surface of the metal oxide using the first metal-containing compound and the oxidizing gas.
9 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
lithiating at least one of the metal oxide or the coating.
10 . The method of claim 9 , further comprising:
de-lithiating at least one of the metal oxide or the coating.
11 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the metal oxide comprises a nickel manganese cobalt oxide.