Closed loop control for fuel cell water management
A method for maintaining a target electrochemical impedance (ECI) for a fuel cell, which corresponds to a target hydration state for the fuel cell. The method includes determining a target electrochemical impedance (ECI) for the fuel cell based on current operating conditions. The method further includes determining actual ECI for the fuel cell and comparing actual ECI to the target ECI. The method further includes adjusting a cathode flow to the fuel cell based on a deviation of the actual ECI from the target ECI.
1 . A method of maintaining hydrate state by determining an electrochemical impedance (ECI) of a fuel cell, the method comprising:
verifying stable operating conditions for the fuel cell;
measuring a current output by the fuel cell and recording a first current value;
measuring a voltage across the fuel cell and recording a first voltage value;
perturbing the current output from the fuel cell;
verifying the current output by the fuel cell and the voltage across the fuel cell have stabilized following the perturbing of the current output;
measuring the current output by the fuel cell and recording a second current value;
measuring the voltage across the fuel cell and recording a second voltage value;
determining ECI of the fuel cell by dividing difference between the first voltage value and second voltage value by the difference between the first current value and the second current value;
identifying a target ECI for the fuel cell, which corresponds to a target hydration state for the fuel cell; and
adjusting a cathode flow to the fuel cell, by a controller commanding an oxidizer system, based on the determined ECI;
wherein the ECI is an indicator for the hydration state of the fuel cell;
wherein the current output and the voltage are considered stable when the measured results are not fluctuating by more than a predetermined amount;
wherein the controller commanding the oxidizer system to decrease cathode flow rate when the determined ECI minus two standard deviations is larger than the target ECI; and
wherein the controller commanding the oxidizer system to increase cathode flow rate when the determined ECI minus two standard deviations is smaller than the target ECI.
2 . The method of claim 1 , repeating the steps of the method during operation of the fuel cell to monitor the hydration state of the fuel cell over time.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the operating conditions include a cathode flow rate through the fuel cell, an anode flow rate through the fuel cell, a temperature of the fuel cell, the current output by the fuel cell, and the voltage across the fuel cell.
4 . The method of claim 1 , wherein verifying the operating conditions are stable includes verifying that a flow through the cathode is fluctuating less than or equal to about 7%, that an anode fuel pressure is fluctuating less than or equal to about 10%, that a fuel cell stack temperature is fluctuating less than or equal to about 0.2%, that the current output by the fuel cell is fluctuating less than or equal to about 5%, and that the voltage across the fuel cell is fluctuating less than or equal to about 1%.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein perturbing the output from the fuel cell includes commanding a DC/DC converter connected to the fuel cell to change the current output of the fuel cell.
6 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the ECI is a direct current impedance.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the ECI is a single-frequency ECI.
8 . The method of claim 7 , wherein the single-frequency ECI is at a frequency of greater than about 1000 Hz.
9 . The method of claim 7 , wherein an envelope and a phase of the single-frequency ECI for the fuel cell is measured using an analog circuit connected to the fuel cell.
10 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the fuel cell is one of a plurality of fuel cells making up a fuel cell stack.