Electromagnetically actuated pressure relief valve for fracturing systems
Valves for relieving pressure from high-pressure fluid systems have a valve fitting and a valve actuator. The pressure relief valve is normally shut and is adapted to open at a relief fluid pressure. It comprises a valve fitting and an actuator. The actuator has a valve stem, a spring, and an electromagnet. The stem is coupled to a valve body and mounted for linear reciprocation. The spring applies a mechanical force that biases the stem to place the valve in a normally shut state, but allows the valve to open at a first fluid pressure below the relief pressure. The electromagnet applies a magnetic force that, together with the mechanical force, holds the valve in an operationally shut state at a second fluid pressure above the relief pressure. The valve may be opened at fluid pressures above the first fluid pressure by de-energizing the electromagnet at the relief pressure.
1 . A pressure relief valve for A pressure relief valve for a high-pressure fluid transportation system, said pressure relief valve being normally shut and adapted to open at a relief fluid pressure corresponding to a maximum operating pressure of said system, said pressure relief valve comprising:
(a) a valve fitting, said valve fitting comprising:
i) a housing adapted for assembly into a high-pressure flow line, said housing having:
(1) a fluid inlet adapted for fluid communication with said system;
(2) a fluid outlet; and
(3) a fluid flow path between said fluid inlet and said fluid outlet;
ii) a valve seat in said fluid flow path;
iii) a valve body adapted to selectively seat on said valve seat, said valve body exposed to fluid pressure in said fluid inlet;
(b) a valve actuator coupled to said valve fitting; said valve actuator comprising:
i) a bonnet coupled to said housing;
ii) a valve stem; said valve stem being:
(1) coupled to said valve body;
(2) mounted in said bonnet for linear reciprocation between a closed position, in which said valve body is seated on said valve seat to shut off flow through said fluid flow path, and an open position, in which said valve body is unseated from said valve seat to allow flow through said fluid flow path;
iii) a resilient element applying a mechanical force biasing said valve stem in its said closed position, said mechanical force allowing said valve stem to move to its open position and place said pressure relief valve in an open state at a first fluid pressure in said fluid inlet below said relief fluid pressure; and
iv) an electromagnet applying, when energized, a magnetic force biasing said valve stem in its said closed position, said magnetic force, together with said mechanical force, being sufficient to hold said valve stem in its said closed position and said pressure relief valve in an operationally shut state at a second fluid pressure in said fluid inlet above said relief fluid pressure;
(c) whereby during operation of said system:
i) said valve stem is held in its said closed position and said pressure relief valve is in its operationally shut state at or below said second fluid pressure when said electromagnet is energized;
ii) said valve stem is allowed to move to its open position and place said pressure relief valve in its open state at said relief fluid pressure by de-energizing said electromagnet; and
iii) said valve stem is allowed to return to its closed position and place said pressure relief valve in its shut state after said electromagnet is de-energized when fluid pressure in said fluid inlet drops to a seating pressure at or below said first fluid pressure.
2 . The pressure relief valve of claim 1 , wherein:
(a) said valve actuator comprises a ferromagnetic plate fixedly mounted on said valve stem;
(b) said resilient element applies said mechanical force to said ferromagnetic plate to bias said valve stem in its closed position; and
(c) said electromagnet, when energized, applies said electromagnet force to said ferromagnetic plate to bias said valve stem in its extended, closed position.
3 . The pressure relief valve of claim 2 , wherein said valve stem comprises an annular ferromagnetic plate mounted around said valve stem and extending radially therefrom.
4 . The pressure relief valve of claim 3 , wherein said electromagnet has a generally annular shape and is mounted around said valve stem of said valve actuator, said annular electromagnet and said annular plate having substantially equal diameters.
5 . The pressure relief valve of claim 2 , wherein a contact face of said ferromagnetic plate or said electromagnet is provided with a slight raised surface effective to create a narrow air gap between said contact faces.
6 . The pressure relief valve of claim 1 , wherein said electromagnet is a DC electromagnet.
7 . The pressure relief valve of claim 1 , wherein said resilient element is a spring and said pressure relief valve comprises:
(a) a first spring retainer slidably mounted around said valve stem between said electromagnet and a first end of said spring;
(b) a second spring retainer slidably mounted around said valve stem adjacent a second end of said spring; and
(c) an adjusting nut bearing on said second retainer, said adjusting nut adapted to position said second retainer along said valve stem and thereby adjust said mechanical force of said spring.
8 . The pressure relief valve of claim 1 , wherein said valve seat is a cylindrical seat provided in a bore extending from either said fluid inlet or said fluid outlet and said valve body is a plug, said plug being adapted to extend into said cylindrical seat to shut off flow through said fluid flow path and to retract from said cylindrical seat to allow flow through said fluid flow path.
9 . The pressure relief valve of claim 8 , wherein said valve seat is a cylindrical sleeve insert carried within an enlarged diameter portion of said bore, said cylindrical sleeve insert having a pressure seal mounted in its inner circumference.
10 . The pressure relief valve of claim 1 , wherein said valve body is replaceably coupled to said valve stem.
11 . The pressure relief valve of claim 1 , wherein:
(a) said valve stem, in its said closed position, extends beyond said bonnet into said housing of said valve fitting; and
(b) said valve actuator is provided with pressure seals between said valve stem and said bonnet to isolate said resilient element and said electromagnet from fluid in said fluid flow path.
12 . The pressure relief valve of claim 1 , wherein said pressure relief valve comprises:
(a) a first bore extending along a primary axis of said pressure relief valve; and
(b) a second bore intersecting said first bore;
(c) wherein:
i) said valve seat is a cylindrical sleeve insert, wherein said cylindrical sleeve insert:
(1) is carried within an enlarged diameter portion of said first bore proximate to said intersection between said first bore and said second bore; and
(2) has a pressure seal mounted in its inner circumference;
ii) said valve body is a plug mounted on a distal end of said valve stem;
iii) said valve stem, in its said closed position, extends across said intersection such that said plug extends into said cylindrical sleeve insert; and
iv) said valve stem, in its said open position, retracts into said bonnet such that said plug is withdrawn from said cylindrical sleeve insert.
13 . A pressure relief valve system for high-pressure fluid transportation systems, said pressure relief valve system comprising a pressure relief valve of claim 1 and a control system for detection of said relief fluid pressure and selectively energizing and de-energizing said electromagnet.
14 . A pressure relief valve system for high-pressure fluid transportation systems, said pressure relief valve system comprising:
(a) the pressure relief valve of claim 1 , and
(b) a control system operatively connected to said pressure relief valve, said control system comprising:
i) a pressure sensor adapted to measure fluid pressure in said fluid transportation system;
ii) an electro-mechanical switch controlling current to said electromagnet; and
iii) a controller adapted to receive signals from said sensor and to generate control signals to said switch to selectively energize said electromagnet;
(c) whereby:
i) said pressure relief valve is held in its operationally shut state at pressures below said relief fluid pressure by closing said switch and energizing said electromagnet; and
ii) said pressure relief valve is opened by opening said switch and de-energizing said electromagnet in response to detection of said relief fluid pressure.
15 . The pressure relief valve system of claim 14 , wherein said electromagnet is powered by DC current.
16 . The pressure relief valve system of claim 15 , wherein said controller is adapted to reduce the level and reverse the polarity of power energizing said electromagnet before de-energizing said electromagnet.
17 . The pressure relief valve system of claim 16 , wherein a contact face of said ferromagnetic plate or said electromagnet is provided with a slight raised surface effective to create a narrow air gap between said contact faces.
18 . A flow line for a high-pressure fluid transportation system, said flow line comprising the pressure relief valve system of claim 14 .
19 . A high-pressure fluid transportation system, said fluid transportation system comprising the flow line of claim 18 .
20 . The system of claim 19 , wherein said fluid transportation system is a system for fracturing a well.
21 . A method for controlling flow through a high-pressure fluid transportation system, wherein said method comprises:
(a) installing the pressure relief valve system of claim 14 in fluid communication with a fluid conduit in said fluid transportation system;
(b) opening said pressure relief valve upon detection of the relief fluid pressure, thereby relieving excess pressure in said conduit.
22 . The method of claim 21 , the method comprising:
(a) energizing said electromagnet when pressure in said fluid inlet is below said first fluid pressure to place said pressure relief valve in its operationally shut state;
(b) flowing fluids through said conduit at high pressures; and
(c) de-energizing said electromagnet if said fluid pressure in said conduit is equal to or greater than said relief fluid pressure.
23 . The method of claim 22 , wherein said electromagnet is energized with DC power and said method comprises reducing the level of said DC power and reversing its polarity immediately prior to de-energizing said electromagnet.
24 . The pressure relief valve of claim 1 , wherein said resilient member is a coil spring.
25 . The pressure relief valve of claim 8 , wherein said valve seat is a replaceable valve seat insert mounted in said bore.
26 . The pressure relief valve of claim 12 , wherein said first bore and said second bore are normal to each other.
27 . The pressure relief valve of claim 12 , wherein:
(a) said valve stem is mounted for linear reciprocation in a passage in said bonnet; and
(b) said passage in said bonnet is aligned axially with said first bore.
28 . The pressure relief valve of claim 12 , wherein a replaceable wear sleeve is mounted in said intersection of said first bore and said second bore.
29 . A flow line for a high-pressure fluid transportation system, said flow line comprising the pressure relief valve of claim 1 .
30 . A high-pressure fluid transportation system, said system comprising the flow line of claim 1 .
31 . The system of claim 30 , wherein said system is a system for fracturing a well.
32 . A pressure relief valve system for high-pressure fluid transportation systems, said pressure relief valve system comprising:
(a) the pressure relief valve of claim 12 , and
(b) a control system operatively connected to said pressure relief valve, said control system comprising:
i) a pressure sensor adapted to measure fluid pressure in said fluid transportation system;
ii) an electro-mechanical switch controlling current to said electromagnet; and
iii) a controller adapted to receive signals from said sensor and to generate control signals to said switch to selectively energize said electromagnet;
(c) whereby:
i) said pressure relief valve is held in its operationally shut state at pressures below said relief fluid pressure by closing said switch and energizing said electromagnet; and
ii) said pressure relief valve is opened by opening said switch and de-energizing said electromagnet in response to detection of said relief fluid pressure.
33 . The pressure relief valve system of claim 32 , wherein said electromagnet is powered by DC current.
34 . The pressure relief valve system of claim 33 , wherein said controller is adapted to reduce the level and reverse the polarity of power energizing said electromagnet before de-energizing said electromagnet.
35 . The pressure relief valve system of claim 34 , wherein a contact face of said ferromagnetic plate or said electromagnet is provided with a slight raised surface effective to create a narrow air gap between said contact faces.
36 . A flow line for a high-pressure fluid transportation system, said flow line comprising the pressure relief valve system of claim 32 .
37 . A high-pressure fluid transportation system, said fluid transportation system comprising the flow line of claim 36 .
38 . The system of claim 37 , wherein said fluid transportation system is a system for fracturing a well.
39 . A method for controlling flow through a high-pressure fluid transportation system, wherein said method comprises:
(a) installing the pressure relief valve system of claim 32 in fluid communication with a fluid conduit in said fluid transportation system;
(b) opening said pressure relief valve upon detection of the relief fluid pressure, thereby relieving excess pressure in said conduit.
40 . The method of claim 39 , the method comprising:
(a) energizing said electromagnet when pressure in said fluid inlet is below said first fluid pressure to place said pressure relief valve in its operationally shut state;
(b) flowing fluids through said conduit at high pressures; and
(c) de-energizing said electromagnet if said fluid pressure in said conduit is equal to or greater than said relief fluid pressure.
41 . The method of claim 40 , wherein said electromagnet is energized with DC power and said method comprises reducing the level of said DC power and reversing its polarity immediately prior to de-energizing said electromagnet.