Systems and methods for imaging a proppant in a hydraulically-fractured oil reservoir
A method for determining a location of a proppant in a subterranean formation includes obtaining a first set of data in a wellbore using a downhole tool. The proppant is pumped into the wellbore after the first set of data is obtained. The proppant is pumped while or after the subterranean formation is fractured. A second set of data is obtained in the wellbore using the downhole tool after the proppant is pumped into the wellbore. The first set of data and the second set of data include a gravitational field measurement. The first and second sets of data are compared, and in response to the comparison, the location of the proppant in the subterranean formation is determined.
1 . A method for determining a location of a proppant in a subterranean formation, comprising:
obtaining a first set of data in a wellbore using a downhole tool;
pumping the proppant into the wellbore after the first set of data is obtained, wherein the proppant is pumped while or after the subterranean formation is fractured;
obtaining a second set of data in the wellbore using the downhole tool after the proppant is pumped into the wellbore, wherein the first set of data and the second set of data comprise a gravitational field measurement;
determining the location of the proppant in the subterranean formation by comparing the gravitational field measurements of the first and second sets of data; and
generating an inversion image by modeling a response of individual fractures utilizing a finite element method, wherein the response of the individual fractures includes the located proppant.
2 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising running the downhole tool into a portion of the wellbore using a tractor prior to obtaining the first set of data, the second set of data, or both.
3 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the downhole tool is coupled to an outside of a casing in the wellbore, and wherein the downhole tool comprises an optical fiber.
4 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising:
pumping a first fluid into the wellbore to cause the subterranean formation to fracture; and
pumping a second fluid into the wellbore after the subterranean formation is fractured, wherein the second fluid comprises the proppant.
5 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the downhole tool comprises a gravity gradiometer, a gravimeter, or a combination thereof.
6 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising determining changes in a gravitational field and corresponding gradients in response to comparing the first and second sets of data.
7 . The method of claim 1 , wherein determining the location of the proppant in the subterranean formation does not rely upon seismic or electromagnetic measurements.
8 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the proppant is sand, ceramic proppant, or both.
9 . The method of claim 8 , wherein the ceramic proppant comprises a ceramic proppant comprising sintered kaolin and/or sintered bauxite.
10 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising planning a spacing of additional fractures in response to determining the location of the proppant in the subterranean formation.
11 . The method of claim 10 , wherein the planning comprises determining a type of proppant to use in the fracturing of the subterranean formation.
12 . The method of claim 1 , wherein the inversion image comprises an elevated electrical property of the casing and the fractures filled by electrically-conductive proppants.
13 . The method of claim 1 , further comprising optimizing production of a wellbore based on the fracture by planning a spacing of fractures or spacing between lateral walls.
14 . The method of claim 1 , wherein comparing the first and second sets of data comprises obtaining a difference field by subtracting the first set of data from the second set of data.
15 . The method of claim 14 , wherein determining the location of the proppant in the subterranean formation comprises inverting the difference field.
16 . A method for determining a location of proppant in a subterranean formation, comprising:
obtaining a first set of data in a wellbore using a downhole tool, wherein the downhole tool comprises a gravity gradiometer;
pumping a first fluid into the wellbore to cause the subterranean formation to fracture after the first set of data is obtained;
pumping a second fluid comprising a proppant into the wellbore after the subterranean formation is fractured to provide a proppant-filled fracture, wherein the proppant is not coated with a material that is used to determine the location of the proppant in the subterranean formation;
obtaining a second set of data of the wellbore by placing the downhole tool in a casing of the wellbore after the second fluid is pumped into the wellbore, wherein the first set of data and the second set of data comprise a combination of x-, y-, and z-components of the Earth's gravitational field vector and spatial gradients corresponding to the x-, y-, and z-components, respectively, of the Earth's gravitational field vector;
generating a difference field by subtracting the first set of data from the second set of data, or the second set of data from the first set of data;
generating an inversion image of the proppant by inverting the difference field, wherein generating the inversion image comprises modeling a response of individual fractures utilizing property allocation in a finite element method; and
determining the location of the proppant in the subterranean formation based at least partially upon the inversion image.
17 . The method of claim 16 , wherein generating the difference field further comprises obtaining an observed change in spatial gradients based on a difference in a density of the proppant filled fracture and a density of the subterranean formation.
18 . The method of claim 17 , wherein the proppant is sand.
19 . The method of claim 16 , further comprising planning a spacing between lateral wells in response to determining the location of the proppant in the subterranean formation.
20 . The method of claim 16 , further comprising planning a spacing of additional fractures in response to determining the location of the proppant in the subterranean formation.