Metal-ligand complexes and related methods of chemical CO2 fixation
Salen complexes were found to be excellent catalysts for the reaction of terminal epoxides with CO 2 when used in conjunction with a Lewis base cocatalyst (DMAP). This catalyst system cleanly affords the product cyclic carbonates in high yield under mild reaction conditions and is applicable to a variety of terminal epoxides.
1. A method of using a metal-ligand complex to prepare a polycarbonate compound having a low polydispersity index, said method comprising:
providing an epoxide substrate;
admixing a metal-ligand complex with said substrate, said complex having the structural formula
wherein R′, R″, R 2 , and R 2 ′ are independently selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, phenyl, aryl, substituted phenyl, substituted aryl;
wherein L is a linker moiety (CR 5 R 6 ) n where n=0-4 and R 5 and R 6 are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, methyl, alkyl, substituted alkyl, phenyl, aryl, substituted phenyl, substituted aryl and combinations of said moieties;
wherein A and B are ligands selected from the group consisting of neutral ligands, anionic ligands and a combination thereof, said selection determined by the oxidation state of M, and wherein A and B are optionally present, and A and B are independently selected from the group consisting of Cl, OAc, NO 3 , p-CH 3 SO 3 , BF 4 , O 4 Cl, CF 3 SO 3 , SbF 6 , and a combination thereof, and wherein M is a metal selected from the group consisting of Co, Cr, Fe, Ni, Ti, Cu, Zn, Sn and Al.
wherein R 3 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, phenyl, aryl, substituted phenyl, substituted aryl, alkoxy, halide and nitro moieties; and
wherein R 4 is selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, substituted alkyl, phenyl, aryl, substituted phenyl, substituted aryl, alkoxy, halide, and nitro moieties,
introducing gaseous carbon dioxide to said substrate and complex admixture; and isolating a polycarbonate composition as the reaction product of said substrate and carbon dioxide.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the polycarbonate has a polydispersity index less than or equal to 2.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein a Lewis base co-catalyst is introduced to one of said substrate, said complex and said admixture.
4. The method of claim 3 wherein said Lewis base is selected from the group consisting of phosphines, phosphine oxides, phosphites, amines, amine-N-oxides, imidazoles, pyridines, pyridine-N-oxides, ethers, and thioethers.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein said substrate is selected from the group of terminal epoxides consisting of ethylene oxide, propylene oxide, hexene oxide, styrene oxide, epichlorohydrin, butadiene monoxide, and C 5 -C 6 cycloalkene oxides.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein said substrate is cyclohexene oxide.
7. The method of claim 5 wherein said substrate is achiral, said metal-ligand complex has a chiral center and said polycarbonate composition is chiral.
8. The method of claim 1 wherein said admixture is heated.
9. The method of claim 1 further including a solvent in an amount sufficient solubilize said metal-ligand complex.