Method and apparatus for measuring signal pulse energy
The energy E of a signal pulse P inputted to an energy measurement apparatus 1 for measurement, and corresponding to the total integrated intensity, is calculated in an energy calculation unit 10 from the integrated signal intensity Q acquired by a gate integrator 32 , and from the pulse interval T measured by a pulse interval measurement unit 23 . At this time, pileup correction is performed using at least one of the integrated signal intensity or the energy, and the pulse interval of the signal pulse inputted prior to the signal pulse for measurement. By this means, the correct energy E, with the effect of pileup eliminated, can be determined with good precision. Hence a method and apparatus for energy measurement are realized which enable correct and precise measurement of the energy of individual signal pulses, even when the pulse interval between signal pulses is short.
1. An energy measurement apparatus which integrates the signal intensity of the pulse waveform of a signal pulse for measurement to measure the energy of said signal pulse, comprising:
trigger signal generation means, which accepts as input one of the branched signal pulses of the inputted signal pulse and generates a trigger signal corresponding to said signal pulse;
gate signal generation means, which accepts as input said trigger signal from said trigger signal generation means, and based on said trigger signal, generates a gate signal to indicate integration of the signal intensity;
pulse interval measurement means, which accepts as input said trigger signal from said trigger signal generation means, and measures the time interval from said trigger signal until the next trigger signal as the pulse interval of said signal pulse;
delay means, which accepts as input another of said inputted branched signal pulses, and delays said signal pulse by a prescribed delay time;
gate integration means, which accepts as input said signal pulse delayed by said delay means and said gate signal from said gate signal generation means, and integrates the signal intensity of said signal pulse for a prescribed integration time which is set based on the indication of said gate signal, to acquire the integrated signal intensity; and,
energy calculation means, which calculates the energy corresponding to the total integrated intensity of said signal pulse from said integrated signal intensity acquired by said gate integration means and from said pulse interval measured by said pulse interval measurement means; and wherein
said energy calculation means performs pileup correction of uncorrected energy calculated from said integrated signal intensity and said pulse interval of said signal pulse for measurement, using at least one of said integrated signal intensity or said energy, and said pulse interval, of the signal pulse inputted prior to the signal pulse for measurement to calculate said corrected energy.
2. The energy measurement apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said energy calculation means uses coefficients A(T) and B(T), determined based on said pulse interval T, to calculate said energy E 0 of the signal pulse P 0 inputted at time t 0 from the integrated signal intensity Q 0 and pulse interval T 0 of said signal pulse P 0 , and from the integrated signal intensity Q 1 and pulse interval T 1 of the signal pulse P 1 inputted in succession at time −t 1 (−t 1 <t 0 ), according to the equation:
E 0 =Q 0 ·A ( T 0 )− Q 1 ·B ( T 1 ).
3. The energy measurement apparatus according to claim 2 , wherein said energy calculation means has a lookup table for each of said coefficients used in calculating said energy and determined based on said pulse interval T, said lookup tables being created from the values of said coefficients which are determined in advance for a plurality of said pulse interval values.
4. The energy measurement apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said energy calculation means uses coefficients D 0 (T), D 1 (T) and D 2 (T), determined based on said pulse interval T, to calculate said energy E 0 of the signal pulse P 0 inputted at time t 0 , from the integrated signal intensity Q 0 and pulse interval T 0 of said signal pulse P 0 , from the energy E 1 and pulse interval T 1 of the signal pulse P 1 inputted in succession at time −t j (−t j <−t j−1 ), and from the integrated signal intensity Q 2 and pulse interval T 2 of the signal pulse P 2 inputted in succession at time −t 2 (−t 2 <−t 1 ), according to the equation:
E 0 =Q 0 ·D 0 ( T 0 )− E 1 ·D 1 ( T 1 )− Q 2 ·D 2 ( T 2 ).
5. The energy measurement apparatus according to claim 4 , wherein said energy calculation means has a lookup table for each of said coefficients used in calculating said energy and determined based on said pulse interval T, said lookup tables being created from the values of said coefficients which are determined in advance for a plurality of said pulse interval values.
6. The energy measurement apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said energy calculation means has energy computing means which performs computations to calculate said energy, including computations for said pileup correction; a first buffer memory, which stores said integrated signal intensity and said pulse interval for said signal pulse for measurement; and a second buffer memory, which stores at least one of said integrated signal intensity or said energy, and said pulse interval, for the signal pulse inputted prior to the signal pulse for measurement.
7. The energy measurement apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said energy calculation means sets J (where J is an integer greater than or equal to 1) as the number of signal pulses, from among the signal pulses inputted prior to said signal pulse for measurement, for use in said pileup correction, and uses the coefficients C 0 (T) and C j (T)(j=1, . . . , J), determined based on said pulse interval T, to calculate said energy E 0 of the signal pulse P 0 inputted at time t 0 from the integrated signal intensity Q 0 and pulse interval T 0 of said signal pulse P 0 , and from the energies E j and pulse intervals T j of the J signal pulses P j inputted in succession at times t j (t j <t j−1 ), according to the equation:
E
0
=
Q
0
·
C
0
(
T
0
)
-
∑
j
=
1
J
E
j
·
C
j
(
T
j
)
.
8. The energy measurement apparatus according to claim 7 , wherein said energy calculation means has a lookup table for each of said coefficients used in calculating said energy and determined based on said pulse interval T, said lookup tables being created from the values of said coefficients which are determined in advance for a plurality of said pulse interval values.
9. The energy measurement apparatus according to claim 1 , further comprising pulse shape discrimination means which discriminates the pulse shape of said signal pulse among a plurality of types of pulse shapes based on shape discrimination conditions set in advance; and wherein said energy calculation means calculates said energy using a calculation method corresponding to the type of said pulse shape, discriminated by said pulse shape discrimination means.
10. The energy measurement apparatus according to claim 1 , wherein said integration time over which the signal intensity of said signal pulse is integrated in said gate integration means is set, for each of said signal pulses for measurement, as an effective integration time T′, which is the shorter time among a maximum integration time T max , set in advance, and the times T−T r obtained by subtracting the reset time T r of said gate integration means from said pulse interval T, such that:
T ′=min( T max , T−T r ).
11. An energy measurement method, in which signal intensity of a pulse waveform of a signal pulse for measurement is integrated and energy of said signal pulse is measured, comprising:
a pulse interval acquisition step, in which the pulse interval of an inputted signal pulse, which is the time interval from said signal pulse to the next signal pulse, is acquired;
an integrated intensity acquisition step, in which signal intensity of said signal pulse is integrated over a prescribed integration time set so as to correspond to said pulse interval, to acquire an integrated signal intensity; and
an energy calculation step, in which energy corresponding to the total integrated intensity of said signal pulse is calculated from said integrated signal intensity acquired in said integrated intensity acquisition step, and from said pulse interval acquired in said pulse interval acquisition step;
wherein, in said energy calculation step, pileup correction of uncorrected energy calculated from said integrated signal intensity and said pulse interval for said signal pulse to be measured is performed, using at least one of said integrated signal intensity or said energy, and said pulse interval, for the signal pulse inputted prior to the signal pulse for measurement to calculate said corrected energy; and
wherein, in said energy calculation step, coefficients A(T) and B(T), which are determined based on said pulse interval T, are used to calculate said energy E 0 of the signal pulse P 0 inputted at time t 0 from the integrated signal intensity Q 0 and pulse interval T 0 of said signal pulse P 0 , and from the integrated signal intensity Q 1 and pulse interval T 1 of the signal pulse P 1 inputted in succession at time −t 1 (−t 1 <t 0 ), according to the equation:
E 0 =Q 0 ·A ( T 0 )− Q 1 ·B ( T 1 ).
12. The energy measurement method according to claim 11 , wherein a lookup table, created from the values of said coefficients which are determined in advance for a plurality of said pulse interval values, is used in said energy calculation step for each of said coefficients used in calculating said energy and determined based on said pulse interval T.
13. The energy measurement method according to claim 11 , further comprising a pulse shape discrimination step in which the pulse shape of said signal pulse is discriminated among a plurality of pulse shape types, based on shape discrimination conditions set in advance; and wherein, in said energy calculation step, said energy is calculated using a calculation method corresponding to the type of said pulse shape discriminated in said pulse shape discrimination step.
14. An energy measurement method, in which signal intensity of a pulse waveform of a signal pulse for measurement is integrated and energy of said signal pulse is measured, comprising:
a pulse interval acquisition step, in which the pulse interval of an inputted signal pulse, which is the time interval from said signal pulse to the next signal pulse, is acquired;
an integrated intensity acquisition step, in which signal intensity of said signal pulse is integrated over a prescribed integration time set so as to correspond to said pulse interval, to acquire an integrated signal intensity; and,
an energy calculation step, in which energy corresponding to the total integrated intensity of said signal pulse is calculated from said integrated signal intensity acquired in said integrated intensity acquisition step, and from said pulse interval acquired in said pulse interval acquisition step;
wherein, in said energy calculation step, pileup correction of uncorrected energy calculated from said integrated signal intensity and said pulse interval for said signal pulse to be measured is performed, using at least one of said integrated signal intensity or said energy, and said pulse interval, for the signal pulse inputted prior to the signal pulse for measurement to calculate said corrected energy; and
wherein, in said energy calculation step, the number of signal pulses used in said pileup correction, from among the signal pulses inputted prior to said signal pulse for measurement, is set as J (where J is an integer greater than or equal to 1), and coefficients C 0 (T) and C j (T)(j=1, . . . , J), which are determined based on said pulse interval T, are used to calculate said energy E 0 of the signal pulse P 0 inputted at time t 0 from the integrated signal intensity Q 0 and pulse interval T 0 of said signal pulse P 0 , and from the energies E j and pulse intervals T j of the J signal pulses P j inputted in succession at times t j (−t j <t j −1), according to the equation:
E
0
=
Q
0
·
C
0
(
T
0
)
-
∑
j
=
1
J
E
j
·
C
j
(
T
j
)
.
15. The energy measurement method according to claim 14 , wherein a lookup table, created from the values of said coefficients which are determined in advance for a plurality of said pulse interval values, is used in said energy calculation step for each of said coefficients used in calculating said energy and determined based on said pulse interval T.
16. The energy measurement method according to claim 14 , further comprising a pulse shape discrimination step in which the pulse shape of said signal pulse is discriminated among a plurality of pulse shape types, based on shape discrimination conditions set in advance; and wherein, in said energy calculation step, said energy is calculated using a calculation method corresponding to the type of said pulse shape discriminated in said pulse shape discrimination step.
17. An energy measurement method, in which signal intensity of a pulse waveform of a signal pulse for measurement is integrated and energy of said signal pulse is measured, comprising:
a pulse interval acquisition step, in which the pulse interval of an inputted signal pulse, which is the time interval from said signal pulse to the next signal pulse, is acquired;
an integrated intensity acquisition step, in which signal intensity of said signal pulse is integrated over a prescribed integration time set so as to correspond to said pulse interval, to acquire an integrated signal intensity; and,
an energy calculation step, in which energy corresponding to the total integrated intensity of said signal pulse is calculated from said integrated signal intensity acquired in said integrated intensity acquisition step, and from said pulse interval acquired in said pulse interval acquisition step;
wherein, in said energy calculation step, pileup correction of uncorrected energy calculated from said integrated signal intensity and said pulse interval for said signal pulse to be measured is performed, using at least one of said integrated signal intensity or said energy, and said pulse interval, for the signal pulse inputted prior to the signal pulse for measurement to calculate said corrected energy; and
wherein, in said energy calculation step, coefficients D 0 (T), D 1 (T) and D 2 (T), which are determined based on said pulse interval T, are used to calculate said energy E 0 of the signal pulse P 0 inputted at time t 0 , from the integrated signal intensity Q 0 and pulse interval T 0 of said signal pulse P 0 , from the energy E 1 and pulse interval T 1 of the signal pulse P 1 inputted in succession at time −t 1 (−t 1 <−t 0 ), and from the integrated signal intensity Q 2 and pulse interval T 2 of the signal pulse P 2 inputted in succession at time −t 2 (−t 2 <t 1 ), according to the equation:
E 0 =Q 0 ·D 0 ( T 0 )− E 1 ·D 1 ( T 1 )− Q 2 ·D 2 ( T 2 ).
18. The energy measurement method according to claim 17 , wherein a lookup table, created from the values of said coefficients which are determined in advance for a plurality of said pulse interval values, is used in said energy calculation step for each of said coefficients used in calculating said energy and determined based on said pulse interval T.
19. The energy measurement method according to claim 17 , further comprising a pulse shape discrimination step in which the pulse shape of said signal pulse is discriminated among a plurality of pulse shape types, based on shape discrimination conditions set in advance; and wherein, in said energy calculation step, said energy is calculated using a calculation method corresponding to the type of said pulse shape discriminated in said pulse shape discrimination step.