Magnesium-substituted hydroxyapatites
A stable, phase-pure magnesium-substituted crystalline hydroxyapatite containing from about 2.0 to about 29 wt % magnesium, wherein at least 75 wt % of the magnesium content is substituted for calcium ions in the hydroxyapatite lattice structure.
1. A method for the preparation of biocompatible phase-pure crystalline magnesium-substituted hydroxyapatite comprising mechanochemically comminuting and dissolving while hydrothermally reacting without external heating a source of calcium ions, a source of magnesium ions, a source of phosphate ions and a source of hydroxide ions, at least one of which is soluble in water, in a aqueous reaction medium until said magnesium substituted-hydroxyapatite is formed, wherein at least one of said source of calcium ions, source of magnesium ions, source of phosphate ions and source of hydroxide ions is water-insoluble or forms a water-insoluble apatite precursor, and said ion sources are stoichiometrically selected to provide a level of magnesium substitution in the hydroxyapatite lattice structure between about 2.0 and about 29 wt %.
2. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of separating said magnesium-substituted hydroxyapatite from said aqueous reaction medium.
3. The method of claim 2 , further comprising the step of washing said magnesium-substituted hydroxyapatite with water.
4. The method of claim 3 , further comprising the step of drying said magnesium-substituted hydroxyapatite.
5. The method of claim 3 , further comprising the step of washing said magnesium-substituted hydroxyapatite with an aqueous ammonium citrate solution before washing said magnesium-substituted hydroxyapatite with water.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the calcium ion source or the magnesium ion source is water-insoluble.
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said phosphate ion source is water soluble.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said magnesium ion source is selected from the group consisting of magnesium hydroxide, magnesium carbonate, magnesium halides, magnesium oxide, magnesium nitrate and magnesium phosphate.
9. The method of claim 8 , wherein said magnesium ion source is magnesium hydroxide.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein said calcium ion source is selected from the group consisting of calcium hydroxide, calcium carbonate, calcium halides, calcium oxide, calcium nitrate and calcium phosphate.
11. The method of claim 10 , wherein said calcium ion source is calcium hydroxide.
12. The method of claim 1 , wherein said phosphate ion source is selected from the group consisting of ammonium phosphates, calcium phosphates, magnesium phosphates, and sodium phosphates.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein said phosphate ion source is diammonium hydrogen phosphate.
14. A method for increasing the magnesium content in the lattice structure of magnesium-substituted crystalline hydroxyapatite relative to the non-lattice magnesium content, said method comprising washing said magnesium-substituted hydroxyapatite with an aqueous anunonium citrate solution.