Polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons for fullerene synthesis in flames
This invention provides improved methods for combustion synthesis of carbon nanomaterials, including fullerenes, employing multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuels selected for high carbon conversion to extractable fullerenes. The multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuels include those that contain polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons. More specifically, multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuels contain a substantial amount of indene, methylnapthalenes or mixtures thereof. Coal tar and petroleum distillate fractions provide low cost hydrocarbon fuels containing polynuclear aromatic hydrocarbons, including without limitation, indene, methylnapthalenes or mixtures thereof.
1. A method for making fullerenes or other carbon nanomaterials which comprises the steps of:
(a) burning a multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel comprising indene; and
(b) collecting condensables containing carbon nanomaterials produced by burning the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel.
2. The method of claim 1 wherein the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel comprises 30% or more by weight of indene.
3. The method of claim 1 wherein the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel comprises 40% or more by weight of indene.
4. The method of claim 1 wherein the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel comprises 50% or more by weight of indene.
5. The method of claim 1 wherein the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel comprises a mixture of indene with single ring aromatic molecules.
6. The method of claim 5 wherein the single ring aromatic molecules are benzene, toluene, xylene, or trimethylbenzene.
7. The method of claim 1 wherein the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel comprises a mixture of indene and aromatic molecules comprising two rings.
8. The method of claim 7 wherein the aromatic molecules comprising two rings are naphthalene or methylnaphthalene.
9. The method of claim 1 wherein the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel comprises a mixture of indene and naphthalene.
10. The method of claim 1 wherein the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel comprises a mixture of aromatic molecules having one, two or three aromatic rings.
11. The method of claim 10 wherein indene is present in the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel in an amount of about 30% or more by weight.
12. The method of claim 10 wherein indene is present in the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon in an amount of about 40% or more by weight.
13. The method of claim 10 wherein indene is present in the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel in an amount of about 50% or more by weight.
14. The method of claim 1 wherein the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel is a coal tar distillate comprising indene.
15. The method of claim 14 wherein the coal tar distillate comprises about 30% or more by weight of indene.
16. The method of claim 14 wherein the coal tar distillate comprises about 40% or more by weight of indene.
17. The method of claim 14 wherein the coal tar distillate comprises about 50% or more by weight of indene.
18. The method of claim 1 wherein the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel is a liquid at room temperature and about atmospheric pressure.
19. The method of claim 1 wherein fullerenes are isolated from the condensables.
20. The method of claim 1 wherein the multiple-ring aromatic fuel further comprises naphthalenes.
21. The method of claim 1 wherein the multiple-ring aromatic fuel further comprises methylnaphthalenes.
22. A method for making fullerenes which comprises the steps of:
(a) burning a multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel which comprises at least one component that is an aromatic molecule which comprises two or more six-member rings, two or more five-member rings or a mixture of one or more six-member rings and one or more five member rings; wherein the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel comprises a mixture of aromatic molecules having one, two or three aromatic rings; and
(b) collecting condensables containing fullerenes produced by burning the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel.
23. The method of claim 22 wherein the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel is a petroleum distillate.
24. The method of claim 23 wherein the petroleum distillate comprises one or more fractions collected over the range of temperatures from about 150° C.–220° C. at about atmospheric pressure.
25. The method of claim 23 wherein the petroleum distillate comprises one or more fractions collected over the range of temperatures from about 182° C. to 210° C. at about atmospheric pressure.
26. The method of claim 23 wherein the petroleum distillate comprises one or more fractions collected over the range of temperatures from about 160° to 177° C.
27. The method of claim 23 wherein the petroleum distillate comprises at least about 30% PAHs having two or more rings.
28. A method for making fullerenes or other carbon nanomaterials which comprises the steps of:
(a) burning a multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel which comprises at least one component that is an aromatic molecule which comprises two or more six-member rings, two or more five-member rings or one or more six-member rings and one or more five-member rings; and
(b) collecting condensables containing carbon nanomaterials produced by burning the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel wherein the C:H weight ratio of the multiple-ring aromatic fuel is between about 10:1 and about 20:1.
29. The method of claim 28 wherein the C:H weight ratio of the multiple-ring aromatic fuel is between about 10:1 and about 15:1.
30. The method of claim 28 wherein fullerenes are isolated from the condensables.
31. The method of claim 28 wherein the multiple-ring aromatic fuel is a coal tar distallate.
32. The method of claim 28 wherein the multiple-ring aromatic fuel is a petroleum distallate.
33. The method of claim 28 wherein the multiple-ring aromatic fuel is a vacuum gas oil.
34. The method of claim 28 wherein the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel is a coal tar distillate.
35. The method of claim 34 wherein the coal tar distillate comprises fractions collected over the range of temperatures from about 100° C. to about 220° C. at about atmospheric pressure.
36. The method of claim 34 wherein the coal tar distillate comprises one or more fractions collected over the range of temperatures from about 120° C. to about 200° C. at about atmospheric pressure.
37. The method of claim 34 wherein the coal tar distillate consists essentially of one or more fractions collected over the range of temperatures from about 100° C. to about 220° C. at about atmospheric pressure.
38. The method of claim 34 wherein the coal tar distillate consists essentially of one or more fractions collected over the range of temperatures from about 120° C. to about 200° C. at about atmospheric pressure.
39. The method of claim 34 wherein the coal tar distillate is a mixture of fractions collected over the range of temperatures from about 100° C. to about 220° C. at about atmospheric pressure.
40. The method of claim 34 wherein the coal tar distillate is a mixture of fractions collected over the range of temperatures from about 120° C. to about 200° C. at about atmospheric pressure.
41. A method for making fullerenes which comprises the steps of:
(a) burning a multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel which comprises at least one component that is an aromatic molecule which comprises two or more six-member rings, two or more five-member rings, or one or more six-member rings and one or more five member rings; and
(b) collecting condensables containing fullerenes produced by burning the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel;
wherein the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel is a liquid at room temperature and about atmospheric pressure.
42. The method of claim 41 wherein the condensables collected contain at least about 10% by weight of solvent extractable fullerenes.
43. A method for making fullerenes which comprises the steps of:
(a) burning a multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel which comprises at least one component that is an aromatic molecule which comprises two or more six-member rings, two or more five-member rings or a mixture of one or more six-member rings and one or more five member rings; wherein the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel is a mixture of aromatic molecules having two or three rings and wherein the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel is a liquid at room temperature and about atmospheric pressure; and
(b) collecting condensables containing fullerenes produced by burning the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel.
44. A method for making fullerenes which comprises the steps of:
(a) burning a multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel which comprises at least one component that is an aromatic molecule which comprises two or more six-member rings, two or more five-member rings, or one or more six-member rings and one or more five member rings; and
(b) collecting condensables containing fullerenes produced by burning the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel;
wherein the multiple-ring aromatic hydrocarbon fuel is a vacuum gas oil.