Phase selective polymer supports for catalysis
Phase-selective soluble polymer supports for catalysts are described. The catalysts utilize polystyrene copolymers having enhanced solubility in nonpolar solvents. Other catalysts of the invention utilize polyisobutylene supports. Methods of catalyzing chemical reactions using latent biphasic solvents are also disclosed.
1. A method of catalyzing a chemical reaction, the method comprising:
providing one or more substrates and a catalyst in a latent biphasic solvent that is switchable between a monophasic state and biphasic state, the biphasic state comprising a more polar phase and a less polar phase, wherein the products of the catalytic reaction are preferentially soluble in the more polar phase and the catalyst is preferentially soluble in the less polar phase;
allowing the catalytic reaction to proceed while the latent biphasic solvent is monophasic;
inducing the latent biphasic solvent to become biphasic; and
separating the more polar phase from the less polar phase; wherein the catalyst comprises a polystyrene copolymer, the polystyrene copolymer comprising a first styrene monomer and a second styrene monomer, wherein the first styrene monomer is substituted with one or more catalytically active functional groups and the second styrene monomer is substituted with one or more lipophilic groups.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second styrene monomer is substituted with a functional group selected from the group consisting of hydrocarbons, hydrocarbons substituted with one or more ester groups, hydrocarbons containing one or more ether groups, and hydrocarbons containing one or more amine groups, amides and triorganosilyl ethers.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the second styrene monomer is tert-butylstyrene.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein the latent biphasic solvent comprises one or more solvents selected from the group consisting of alkanes having five to twelve carbon atoms, N,N-dimethylacetamide, alcohols having two to four carbon atoms, ethers having four to eight carbon atoms, toluene, and mixtures thereof.
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein the latent biphasic solvent comprises heptane and ethanol.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein the latent biphasic solvent comprises about heptane, ethanol, and water, wherein the monophasic state has a heptane:ethanol:water ratio of about 10.0:9.5:0.5 (vol:vol:vol) and wherein the biphasic state has a heptane:ethanol:water ratio of about 10.0:9.5:1.0 (vol:vol:vol).
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein the latent biphasic solvent comprises toluene, ethanol, and water.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein the latent biphasic solvent comprises N,N-dimethylacetamide and heptane.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inducing step comprises cooling the latent biphasic solvent.
10. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inducing step comprises adding water to the latent biphasic solvent.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein the inducing step comprises adding salt to the latent biphasic solvent.
12. A method of catalyzing a chemical reaction, the method comprising:
providing one or more substrates and a catalyst in a latent biphasic solvent that is switchable between a monophasic state and biphasic state, the biphasic state comprising a more polar phase and a less polar phase, wherein the products of the catalytic reaction are preferentially soluble in the more polar phase and the catalyst is preferentially soluble in the less polar phase;
allowing the catalytic reaction to proceed while the latent biphasic solvent is monophasic;
inducing the latent biphasic solvent to become biphasic; and
separating the more polar phase from the less polar phase; wherein the catalyst comprises catalytically active functional group bound to polyisobutylene.
13. The method of claim 12 , wherein the catalytically active functional group comprises a triorganophosphine ligand.
14. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the catalytically active functional group comprises an alkyldiarylphosphine ligand.
15. The composition of claim 12 , wherein the catalytically active functional group comprises a triorganophosphine ligand complexed with palladium.
16. The method of claim 12 , wherein the latent biphasic solvent comprises one or more solvents selected from the group consisting of alkanes having five to twelve carbon atoms, N,N-dimethylacetamide, alcohols having two to four carbon atoms, ethers having four to eight carbon atoms, toluene, and mixtures thereof.
17. The method of claim 12 , wherein the latent biphasic solvent comprises heptane and ethanol.
18. The method of claim 12 , wherein the latent biphasic solvent comprises about heptane, ethanol, and water, wherein the monophasic state has a heptane:ethanol:water ratio of about 10.0:9.5:0.5 (vol:vol:vol) and wherein the biphasic state has a heptane:ethanol:water ratio of about 10.0:9.5:1.0 (vol:vol:vol).
19. The method of claim 12 , wherein the latent biphasic solvent comprises toluene, ethanol, and water.
20. The method of claim 12 , wherein the latent biphasic solvent comprises N,N-dimethylacetamide and heptane.
21. The method of claim 12 , wherein the inducing step comprises cooling the latent biphasic solvent.
22. The method of claim 12 , wherein the inducing step comprises adding water to the latent biphasic solvent.
23. The method of claim 12 , wherein the inducing step comprises adding salt to the latent biphasic solvent.