Damage standard fabrication with attached sensor
Reference standards or articles having prescribed levels of damage are fabricated by monitoring an electrical property of the article material, mechanically loading the article, and removing the load when a change in electrical properties indicates a prescribed level of damage. The electrical property is measured with an electromagnetic sensor, such as a flexible eddy current sensor, attached to a material surface, which may be between layers of the article material. The damage may be in the form of a fatigue crack or a change in the mechanical stress underneath the sensor. The shape of the article material may be adjusted to concentrate the stress so that the damage initiates under the sensor. Examples adjustments to the article shape include the use of dogbone geometries with thin center sections, reinforcement ribs on the edges of the article, and radius cut-outs in the vicinity of the thin section.
1. A method of fabricating a damage standard comprising:
attaching an electromagnetic sensor to a critical surface of test material, the sensor being mounted between layers of the test material;
mechanically loading the test material and measuring a change in the electrical properties under the surface of the sensor; and
removing the mechanical load when the change in electrical properties indicates a prescribed level of damage.
2. A method as claimed in claim 1 where the damage is a fatigue crack.
3. A method as claimed in claim 2 further comprising the use of a sensor to monitor the change in crack length with the number of fatigue cycles.
4. A method as claimed in claim 2 further comprising the use of multiple frequency measurements to monitor crack depth.
5. A method as claimed in claim 2 where the damage is pre-crack damage.
6. A method as claimed in claim 1 where the sensor is a spatially periodic field eddy-current sensor and the test material is a metal.
7. A method as claimed in claim 6 where the sensor is flexible for conforming to the shape of the surface of the test material.
8. A method as claimed in claim 7 where the sensor is an array with multiple sensing elements for producing a spatial image of the damage.
9. A method as claimed in claim 6 where attaching the sensor to the test material further comprising the use of a sealant to provide mechanical support.
10. A method as claimed in claim 1 where the sensor is a dielectrometer and the test material is a dielectric material.
11. A method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising the use of a temperature measurement sensor to correct for electrical property variations with temperature.
12. A method as claimed in claim 1 further comprising the use of multiple sensors to monitor multiple regions.
13. A method as claimed in claim 12 where the sensors include arrays with multiple sensing elements for producing spatial images of the damage.
14. A method of fabricating a damage standard comprising:
attaching an electromagnetic sensor to a critical surface of test material;
mechanically loading the test material and measuring a change in the electrical properties under the surface of the sensor;
shaping the test material to create a stress distribution so that fatigue damage initiates under the sensor, the test material further comprising radius cutouts on both sides of a thinned section; and
removing the mechanical load when the change in electrical properties indicates a prescribed level of damage.
15. A method as claimed in claim 14 where the test material is formed into a dogbone shape and the center section is thinned to localize fatigue damage.
16. A method as claimed in claim 15 where the test material further comprises reinforcement ribs on the edges.
17. A method as claimed in claim 16 where the test material further comprises radius cutouts on both sides of the thinned section.