Gas diffusion electrode and catalyst for electrochemical oxygen reduction and method of dispersing the catalyst
An improved gas diffusion electrode composed of a perovskite-type oxide dispersed in a mixture of carbon black and a hydrophobic binder polymer. An improved catalyst for use in the electrochemical reduction of oxygen comprising a perovskite-type compound having alpha and beta sites, and having a greater molar ratio of cations at the beta site. A particularly good reduction catalyst is a neodymium calcium manganite. An improved method of dispersing the catalysts with carbon in a reaction layer of the electrode improves performance of the electrode and the oxygen reduction process. This is provided by adding carbon black to an aqueous solution of metal salts before it is heated to a gel and then to a char and then calcined. Optionally, a quantity of the desired oxide catalyst can be premixed with a portion the carbon before adding the carbon to an aqueous solution of the metal salts to be heated. The amount of premixed metal oxide is chosen in conjunction with the amount of metal salts to provide the desired molar ratio after heating and calcining of the aqueous solution.
1. A catalyst for use in the electrochemical reduction of oxygen comprising:
a perovskite-type compound having alpha and beta sites and comprising the formula A 1-x A′ x (B 1-y B′ y ) z O 3-δ where x, y, and z are mole fractions and z is greater than 1.0 and wherein A is a metal selected from the group consisting of La, Pr and Nd, A′ is one or more metals selected from the group consisting essentially of K, Rb, Cs, Ca, Sr, and Ba, and wherein B is a metal selected from the group consisting essentially of Mn and Co, and B′ is one or more metals selected from the group consisting essentially of Fe and Ni.
2. The catalyst of claim 1 having the formula A 1-x A′ x (B 1-y B′ y ) z 3+δ where x, y and z are mole fractions and z has a range of about 1.0 to about 1.05.
3. The catalyst of claim 1 Wherein x has a value in the range of about 0.01 to about 0.9; y has a value in the range of about 0.0 to about 0.90; and δ has a value in the range of about −0.30 to about 0.30.
4. The catalyst of claim 1 wherein the cations at the beta site have a smaller crystal ionic radius than the cations at the alpha site.
5. The catalyst of claim 1 having a composition represented by the formula Nd 1-x Ca x (Mn 1-y Fe y ) z O 3+δ .
6. The catalyst of claim 5 wherein x has a value in the range of about 0.01 to about 0.90; y has a value in the range of about 0.0 to about 0.90; and,
δ has a value in the range of about −0.3 to about 0.30,
and z has a range of about 1.0 to about 1.03.
7. The catalyst of claim 1 , further comprising a greater molar ratio of cations at the beta site than the alpha site.
8. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein A and A′ comprise the same metal.
9. The catalyst of claim 1 , wherein B and B′ comprise the same metal.
10. A catalyst for use in the electrochemical reduction of oxygen having a composition represented by the formula Nd −x Ca x (Mn 1-y Fe y ) z O 3-δ , wherein z is greater than 0.95, wherein x has a value in the range of about 0.01 to about 0.9; y has a value in the range of about 0.0 to about 0.9; δ has a value in the range of about −0.3 to about 0.3.
11. The catalyst of claim 10 wherein z has a range of about 0.95 to about 1.05.
12. The catalyst of claim 10 wherein x has a value in the range of about 0.1 to about 0.60; y has a value in the range of about 0.0 to about 0.40; and,
δ has a value in the range of about −0.3 to about 0.30 and z has a value from about 0.95 to about 1.05.
13. The catalyst of claim 10 wherein z has a range of about 1.0 to about 1.02.
14. The catalyst of claim 10 wherein x has a value in the range of about 0.2 to about 0.50.
15. The catalyst of claim 10 wherein y has a value in the range of about 0.0 to about 0.30.
16. A catalyst for use in the electrochemical reduction of oxygen comprising a perovskite-type compound having alpha and beta sites, and wherein cations at the beta site have a smaller crystal ionic radius than cations at the alpha site.
17. The catalyst or claim 16 , further comprising a greater molar ratio of cations at the beta site than at the alpha site.
18. A catalyst for use in the electrochemical reduction of oxygen comprising Nd, Ca, Mn, Fe, and O, said catalyst having a perovskite-type structure.
19. The catalyst of claim 18 , wherein the catalyst comprises between about 2 and about 19.8 percent by mole of Nd.
20. The catalyst of claim 18 , wherein the catalyst comprises between about 0.2 and about 18 percent by mole of Ca.
21. The catalyst of claim 18 , wherein the catalyst comprises between about 2 and about 20 percent by mole of Mn.
22. The catalyst of claim 18 , wherein the catalyst comprises between about 0 and about 18 percent by mole Fe.
23. The catalyst of claim 18 , wherein the catalyst comprises between about 57 and about 62 percent by mole of O.
24. A catalyst for use in the electrochemical reduction of oxygen comprising;
between about 2 and about 19.8 percent by mole of Nd;
between about 0.2 and about 18 percent by mole of Ca;
between about 2 and about 20 percent by mole of Mn;
between about 0 and about 18 percent by mole of Fe; and
between about 57 and about 62 percent by mole of O; and
said catalyst having a perovskite-type structure.