Method for refolding proteins containing free cysteine residues
The present invention relates to novel methods for making and refolding insoluble or aggregated proteins having free cysteines in which a host cell expressing the protein is exposed to a cysteine blocking agent. The soluble, refolded proteins produced by the novel methods can then be modified to increase their effectiveness. Such modifications include attaching a PEG moiety to form PEGylated proteins.
1. A method for preparing a refolded, soluble form of an insoluble or aggregated protein that is a member of the Growth Hormone supergene family and which contains one or more added free cysteine residues, comprising the following steps, in order, of:
a) causing a host cell to express a protein containing one or more added free cysteine residues that is a member of the growth hormone supergene family in an insoluble or aggregated form;
b) lysing the cell by chemical, enzymatic or physical means;
c) separating soluble proteins from insoluble or aggregated proteins;
d) following step (c) and prior to step (e), dissolving the insoluble or aggregated protein from step (c) in a solution comprising a denaturing agent, a reducing agent and a cysteine blocking agent that forms a reversible mixed disulfide with cysteine, to solubilize and reduce the insoluble or aggregated protein, and to expose the insoluble or aggregated protein to the cysteine blocking agent; and
e) refolding the protein by reducing the concentrations of the denaturing agent and reducing agents to levels sufficient to allow the protein to renature into a soluble, biologically active form, wherein said refolding step occurs in the presence of the cysteine blocking agent, and wherein the cysteine blocking agent forms a reversible mixed disulfide with at least one added free cysteine residue in said protein.
2. The method of claim 1 , wherein said member of the growth hormone supergene family is secreted by the host cell.
3. The method of claim 1 , wherein the member of the growth hormone supergene family is expressed by the host cell as an intracellular protein.
4. The method of claim 1 , wherein said step (b) of lysing comprises lysing the host cell in the presence of the cysteine blocking agent used in step (d).
5. The method of claim 1 , wherein said step (b) of lysing comprises lysing the host cell in the presence of a denaturing agent.
6. The method of claim 1 , wherein said step (b) of lysing comprises lysing the host cell in the presence of a denaturing agent and the reducing agent used in step (d).
7. The method of claim 1 , wherein said cysteine blocking agent is selected from the group consisting of cysteine, cysteamine, reduced glutathione or thioglycolic acid.
8. The method of claim 1 , wherein said cysteine blocking agent is cysteine.
9. The method of claim 1 , wherein said reducing agent and said cysteine blocking agent of said step (d) are the same compound.
10. The method of claim 9 , wherein said cysteine blocking agent is selected from the group consisting of cysteine, cysteamine, reduced glutathione or thioglycolic acid.
11. The method of claim 1 , wherein said cysteine blocking agent of step (d) is a dithiol that, when reduced, acts as a cysteine blocking agent.
12. The method of claim 11 , wherein said dithiol is selected from the group consisting of cystine, cysteamine, oxidized glutathione, or dithioglycolic acid.
13. The method of claim 1 , wherein the reducing agent is dithiothreitol (DTT) or 2-mercaptoethanol.
14. The method of claim 1 , wherein said step (e) of refolding comprises refolding the protein in the presence of glycerol.
15. The method of claim 1 , wherein said step (e) of refolding comprises refolding the protein in the presence of an oxidizing agent selected from the group consisting of oxygen, a dithiol, iodine, hydrogen peroxide, dihydroascorbic acid, tetrathionate, or O-iodosobenzoate.
16. The method of claim 1 , wherein step (e) of refolding comprises refolding the protein in the presence of a metal ion.
17. The method of claim 16 , wherein said metal ion is Cu ++ or Co ++ .
18. The method of claim 1 , wherein said step (e) of refolding comprises refolding the protein in the presence of a denaturing agent.
19. The method of claim 1 , wherein said step (e) of refolding comprises refolding the protein in the presence of a dithiol.
20. The method of claim 19 , wherein said dithiol is selected from the group consisting of cystine, cystamine, dithioglycolic acid, or oxidized glutathioninee.
21. The method of claim 1 , wherein said step (e) of refolding occurs in the presence of a reducing agent.
22. The method of claim 21 , wherein said reducing agent is selected from the group consisting of cysteine, DTT, 2-mercaptoethanol, reduced glutathione, cysteamine, thioglycolic acid, or other thiol.
23. The method of claim 1 , wherein said insoluble or aggregated protein is a recombinant protein.
24. The method of claim 1 , wherein said insoluble or aggregated protein is a derivative or antagonist of a member of the growth hormone supergene family.
25. The method of claim 1 , wherein said protein is a cysteine variant of a protein selected from the group consisting of growth hormone, prolactin, placental lactogen, erythropoietin, thrombopoietin, interleukin-2, interleukin-3, interleukin-4, interleukin-5, interleukin-6, interleukin-7, interleukin-9, interleukin-10, interleukin-11, interleukin-12 (p35 subunit), interleukin-13, interleukin-15, interleukin-19, interleukin-20, oncostatin M, ciliary neurotrophic factor, leukemia inhibitory factor, alpha interferon, beta interferon, gamma interferon, omega interferon, tau interferon, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor, cardiotrophin-1, macrophage colony stimulating factor, stem cell factor and flt-3 ligand.
26. The method of claim 1 , further comprising attaching a cysteine-reactive moiety to at least one added free cysteine in said isolated protein to form a cysteine modified protein.
27. The method of claim 26 , wherein the cysteine-reactive moiety is selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene glycol, a polyvinyl pyrolidone, a carbohydrate, a dextran, a peptide, a lipid and a polysaccharide.
28. The method of claim 1 , further comprising attaching a cysteine-reactive polyethylene glycol moiety to a cysteine residue in said isolated protein to form a pegylated protein.
29. The method of claim 1 , further comprising the step of:
f) isolating the refolded, soluble protein from step (e).
30. A method for covalently modifying said isolated, refolded, soluble protein produced according to claim 29 , further comprising the steps of:
g) exposing the isolated protein to a disulfide-reducing agent; and
h) exposing the protein to a cysteine-reactive moiety to obtain a cysteine-modified protein, wherein the cysteine-reactive moiety is attached to at least one added cysteine in said isolated protein.
31. The method of claim 30 , wherein said cysteine-reactive moiety is selected from the group consisting of a polyethylene glycol, a polyvinyl pyrolidone, a dextran, a carbohydrate, a peptide, a lipid aid a polysaccharide.
32. The method of claim 30 , wherein comprising isolating the cysteine-modified protein from the unmodified protein.
33. The method of claim 1 , wherein said protein is a cysteine variant of growth hormone.
34. The method of claim 1 , wherein said protein is a cysteine variant of alpha interferon.
35. The method of claim 34 , wherein the alpha interferon protein is alpha interferon α2.
36. The method of claim 1 , wherein said protein is a cysteine variant of GM-CSF.
37. The method of claim 1 , wherein said protein is a cysteine variant of G-CSF.
38. The method of claim 37 , wherein said G-CSF cysteine variant contains a non-cysteine amino acid substituted for Cysteine-17.
39. The method of claim 38 , wherein the amino acid substituted for cysteine-17 in said G-CSF cysteine variant is serine or alanine.
40. The method of claim 1 , wherein said protein is a cysteine variant of erythropoietin.
41. The method of claim 1 , wherein the protein is a cysteine variant of interleukin-11.
42. The method of claim 1 , wherein the protein is a cysteine variant of beta interferon.
43. The method of claim 1 , wherein the protein is a cysteine variant of gamma interferon.
44. The method of claim 1 , wherein said denaturing agent is selected from the group consisting of: urea, guanidine and N-lauroyl sarcosine.
45. The method of claim 29 , further comprising attaching a polyethylene glycol moiety to said protein to form a pegylated protein.
46. The method of claim 30 , wherein said cysteine-reactive moiety is polyethylene glycol.
47. A method for preparing and isolating a refolded, soluble form of an insoluble or aggregated protein that is a member of the Growth Hormone supergene family and which contains one or more added free cysteine residues, consisting essentially of the steps of:
a) causing a host cell to express a protein containing one or more added free cysteine residues that is a member of the growth hormone supergene family in an insoluble or aggregated form;
b) lysing the cell by chemical, enzymatic or physical means;
e) separating soluble proteins from insoluble or aggregated proteins;
d) following step (c) and prior to step (e), dissolving the insoluble or aggregated protein from step (c) in a solution comprising a denaturing agent, a reducing agent, and a cysteine blocking agent that forms a reversible mixed disulfide with cysteine, to solubilize and reduce the insoluble or aggregated protein, and to expose the insoluble or aggregated protein to the cysteine blocking agent;
e) refolding the protein by reducing the concentrations of the denaturing agent and reducing agents to levels sufficient to allow the protein to renature into a soluble, biologically active form, wherein said refolding step occurs in the presence of the cysteine blocking agent, and wherein the cysteine blocking agent forms a reversible mixed disulfide with at least one added free cysteine residue in said protein; and
f) isolating the refolded, soluble protein from step (e).
48. The method of claim 47 , wherein step (e) is conducted in the presence of the denaturing agent, a reducing agent, an oxidizing agent, and the cysteine blocking agent.
49. A method for preparing and isolating a refolded, soluble form of an insoluble or aggregated protein that is a member of the Growth Hormone supergene family and which contains one or more added free cysteine residues, comprising the steps of:
a) causing a host cell to express a protein containing one or more added free cysteine residues that is a member of the growth hormone supergene family in an insoluble or aggregated form;
b) lysing the cell by chemical, enzymatic or physical means in the presence of a denaturing agent, a reducing agent and a cysteine blocking agent, wherein the insoluble or aggregated protein is denatured and reduced, and is in the presence of the cysteine blocking agent prior to step (c);
c) refolding the protein by reducing the concentrations of the denaturing agent and reducing agents, to levels sufficient to allow the protein to renature into a soluble, biologically active form, wherein said refolding step occurs in the presence of the cysteine blocking agent, and wherein the cysteine blocking agent forms a reversible mixed disulfide with at least one added free cysteine residue in said protein; and
d) isolating the refolded, soluble protein from step (c).